Skip to main content
Log in

Seismic response of RC buildings during the Mw 6.0 August 24, 2016 Central Italy earthquake: the Amatrice case study

  • Original Research Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the aftermath of the Mw 6.0 August 24, 2016 Central Italy earthquake, the authors carried out a reconnaissance survey in the municipality of Amatrice and gathered extensive photographic evidence of damage, with emphasis on 37 reinforced concrete buildings located outside the historical centre. Damage distribution is generally represented by widespread cracking and/or collapse of the masonry infill panels at the lower buildings’ stories. Moreover, damage was observed in the columns due to the interaction with masonry infill panels. Starting from the collected information, POST—a mechanics-based damage prediction model—was applied in order to compare predicted damage distribution and damage observed during the field reconnaissance. The comparison shows an overall good agreement between the results of the POST method and the observed damage with a slightly conservative tendency by POST.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ambraseys NN, Simpson KA, Bommer JJ (1996) Prediction on horizontal response spectra in Europe. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 25(4):371–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aslani H, Miranda E (2005) Probabilistic earthquake loss estimation and loss dis-aggregation in buildings. Dissertation, Stanford University

  • Baggio C, Bernardini A, Colozza R, Coppari S, Corazza L, Della Bella M, Di Pasquale G, Dolce M, Goretti A, Martinelli A, Orsini G, Papa F, Zuccaro G (2007) Field manual for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures (trans: Goretti A, Rota M). JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, EUR 22868 EN-2007

  • Bernardini A, Lagomarsino S, Mannella A, Martinelli A, Milano L, Parodi S, Troffaes M (2010) Forecasting seismic damage scenarios of residential buildings from rough inventories: a case-study in the Abruzzo Region Italy. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part O J Risk Reliab 2244:279–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry M, Eberhard MO (2003) Performance models for flexural damage in reinforced concrete columns. PEER Report 2003/18Pacific Engineering Research Center. University of California, Berkeley

  • Biondi S, Fabietti V, Sigismondo S, Vanzi I (2012) 2009 Abruzzo earthquake reconstruction plans: a multidisciplinary approach. In: 15th world conference on earthquake engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, Sept 24–28, Paper No. 3402, ISBN 978-1-63439-651-6

  • Bird JF, Bommer JJ, Bray JD, Sancio R, Spence RJS (2004) Comparing loss estimation with observed damage in a zone of ground failure: a study of the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in Turkey. Bull Earthq Eng 23:329–360

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bommer JJ, Elnashai AS, Weir AG (2000) Compatible acceleration and displacement spectra for seismic design codes. In: Proceedings of the 12th world conference on earthquake engineering, Auckland, New Zeland, Paper No. 207.2000

  • Borzi B, Pinho R, Crowley H (2008) Simplified pushover-based vulnerability analysis for large scale assessment of RC buildings. Eng Struct 303:804–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braga F, Dolce M, Liberatore D (1982) A statistical study on damaged buildings and ensuing review of the MSK-76 scale. 8th ECEE, Atene

  • Braga F, Manfredi V, Masi A, Salvatori A, Vona M (2011) Performance of non-structural elements in RC buildings during the L’Aquila, 2009 earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 91:307–324

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calvi GM (1999) A displacement-based approach for vulnerability evaluation of classes of buildings. J Earthq Eng 33:411–438

    Google Scholar 

  • CEN (2004) Eurocode 8: design of structures for earthquake resistance—part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings, prEN 1998-1, Brussels, Dec 2004

  • Circolare del Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici n. 65 del 10/4/1997 (1997) Istruzioni per l’applicazione delle “Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche” di cui al Decreto Ministeriale 16 gennaio 1996. G.U. n. 97 del 28/4/1997 (in Italian)

  • Circolare del Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici n. 617 del 2/2/2009 (2009) Istruzioni per l’applicazione delle “Nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni” di cui al D.M. 14 gennaio 2008. G.U. n. 47 del 26/2/2009 (in Italian)

  • Colangelo F (2013) Drift-sensitive non-structural damage to masonry-infilled reinforced concrete frames designed to Eurocode 8. Bull Earthq Eng 11(6):2151–2176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombi M, Borzi B, Crowley H, Onida M, Meroni F, Pinho R (2008) Deriving vulnerability curves using Italian earthquake damage data. Bull Earthq Eng 63:485–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley H, Pinho R, Bommer JJ (2004) A probabilistic displacement-based vulnerability assessment procedure for earthquake loss estimation. Bull Earthq Eng 22:173–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crowley H, Pinho R, Bommer JJ, Bird JF (2006) Development of a displacement-based method for earthquake loss assessment. ROSE Research Report No. 2006/01, IUSS Press, Pavia

  • D’Ayala D (2005) Force and displacement based vulnerability assessment for traditional buildings. Bull Earthq Eng 33:235–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ayala D, Paganoni S (2011) Assessment and analysis of damage in L’Aquila historic city centre after 6th April 2009. Bull Earthq Eng 91:81–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’Ayala D, Speranza E (2003) Definition of collapse mechanisms and seismic vulnerability of historic masonry buildings. Earthq Spectra 193:479–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decanini L, Mollaioli F, Oliveto G (2002) Structural and seismological implications of the 1997 seismic sequence in Umbria and Marche, Italy. In: Oliveto G (ed) Innovative approaches to earthquake engineering. WIT Press, Southampton, pp 229–323

  • De Luca F, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2013) FAST vulnerability approach: a simple solution for damage assessment of RC infilled buildings. In: Proceedings of the Vienna congress on recent advances in earthquake engineering and structural dynamics & 13. D-A-CH Tagung VEESD20013, Vienna, Austria, Aug 28–30, Paper 436

  • De Luca F, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2015) Analytical versus observational fragilities: the case of Pettino L’Aquila damage data database. Bull Earthq Eng 134:1161–1181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decreto Ministeriale n. 40 del 3/3/1975 (1975) Approvazione delle norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche. G.U. n. 93 dell’8/4/1975 (in Italian)

  • Decreto Ministeriale del 24/1/1986 (1986) Istruzioni relative alla normativa tecnica per le costruzioni in zona sismica. G.U. n. 108 del 12/5/1986 (in Italian)

  • Decreto Ministeriale del 16/1/1996 (1996) Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zone sismiche. G.U. n. 29 del 5/2/1996 (in Italian)

  • Del Gaudio C, Ricci P, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2015) Development and urban-scale application of a simplified method for seismic fragility assessment of RC buildings. Eng Struct 91:40–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Gaudio C, Ricci P, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2016) Observed and predicted earthquake damage scenarios: the case study of Pettino L’Aquila after the 6th April 2009 event. Bull Earthq Eng 14:2643–2678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Gaudio C, De Martino G, Di Ludovico M, Manfredi G, Prota A, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2017a) Empirical fragility curves from damage data on RC buildings after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 15(4):1425–1450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Del Gaudio C, Ricci P, Verderame GM, Manfredi G (2017b) Urban-scale seismic fragility assessment of RC buildings subjected to L’Aquila earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 96:49–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FEMA (2001) HAZUS99 technical manual. Service release 2. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington

  • Fiorini E, Borzi B, Iaccino R (2012) Real time damage scenario: case study for the L’Aquila earthquake. In: Proceedings of the 15th world conference on earthquake engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, Sept 24–28

  • Glaister S, Pinho R (2003) Development of a simplified deformation-based method for seismic vulnerability assessment. J Earthq Eng 7SI1:107–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Grünthal G (1998) Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie: volume 15—European Macroseismic Scale 1998. European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology, Luxembourg

  • Haselton CB, Liel AB, Taylor-Lange S, Deierlein GG (2008) Beam-column element model calibrated for predicting flexural response leading to global collapse of RC frame buildings. PEER Report 2007/03, Pacific Engineering Research Center. University of California, Berkeley

  • Iervolino I, Manfredi G, Polese M, Verderame GM, Fabbrocino G (2007) Seismic risk of R.C. building classes. Eng Struct 295:813–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iervolino I, Baltzopoulos G, Chioccarelli E (2016) Preliminary engineering analysis of the August 24th 2016, ML 6.0 central Italy earthquake records. Ann Geophys. https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-7182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ISTAT (2011) 15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni 2011. Istituto Nazionale di Statistica. http://www.istat.it/it/censimento-popolazione/censimento-popolazione-2011

  • Kakaletsis DJ, Karayannis CG (2009) Experimental investigation of infilled reinforced concrete frames with openings. ACI Struct J 1062:132–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Kircher CA, Nassar AA, Kustu O, Holmes WT (1997a) Development of building damage functions for earthquake loss estimation. Earthq Spectra 134:663–682

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kircher CA, Reitherman RK, Whitman RV, Arnold C (1997b) Estimation of earthquake losses to buildings. Earthq Spectra 134:703–720

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Legge n. 1684 del 25/11/1962 (1962) Provvedimenti per l’edilizia, con particolari prescrizioni per le zone sismiche. G.U. n. 326 del 22/12/1962 (in Italian)

  • Luzi L, Puglia R, Russo E, ORFEUS WG5 (2016) Engineering Strong Motion Database, version 1.0. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, observatories and research facilities for European seismology. https://doi.org/10.13127/ESM

  • Manfredi V, Masi A (2014) Combining in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infills in the seismic analysis of RC buildings. Earthq Struct 6(5):515–537

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masi A (2003) Seismic vulnerability assessment of gravity load designed RC frames. Bull Earthq Eng 13:371–395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masi A, Vona M (2009) Estimation of the in-situ concrete strength: provisions of the European and Italian seismic codes and possible improvements. In: Cosenza E (ed) Eurocode 8 perspectives from the Italian standpoint workshop. Doppiavoce, Naples, Italy, pp 67–77

  • Masi A, Digrisolo A, Manfredi V (2015) Fragility curves of gravity-load designed RC buildings with regularity in plan. Earthq Struct 9(1):1–27. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2015.9.1.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelini A, Faenza L, Lauciani V, Malagnini L (2008) ShakeMap implementation in Italy. Seismol Res Lett 795:688–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • NTC (2008) Decreto Ministeriale del 14/1/2008. Approvazione delle nuove norme tecniche per le costruzioni. G.U. n. 29 del 4/2/2008 (in Italian)

  • Ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3274 del 20/3/2003 (2003) Primi elementi in materia di criteri generali per la classificazione sismica del territorio nazionale e di normative tecniche per le costruzioni in zona sismica. G.U. n. 105 dell’8/5/2003 (in Italian)

  • Ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3431 del 3/5/2005 (2005) Ulteriori modifiche ed integrazioni all’ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3274 del 20 marzo 2003. G.U. n. 107 del 10/5/2005 (in Italian)

  • Panagiotakos TB, Fardis MN (1996) Seismic response of infilled RC frames structures. In: Proceedings of the 11th world conference on earthquake engineering, Acapulco, México, Paper No. 225

  • Paolucci R, Pacor F, Puglia R, Ameri G, Cauzzi C, Massa M (2011) Record processing in ITACA, the New Italian Strong-Motion Database. In: Akkar S, Gülkan P, van Eck T (eds) Earthquake data in engineering seismology—predictive models, data management and networks. Springer, New York, ISBN 978-94-007-0151-9

  • Pinho R, Bomber JJ, Glaister S (2002) A simplified approach to displacement-based earthquake loss estimation analysis. In: Proceedings of the 12th European conference on earthquake engineering, London, UK, Sept 9–13. Paper No. 738

  • Priestley MJN (1997) Displacement-based seismic assessment of reinforced concrete buildings. J Earthq Eng 11:157–192

    Google Scholar 

  • Regio Decreto Legge n. 431 del 13/3/1927 (1927) Norme tecniche ed igieniche di edilizia per le località colpite dai terremoti. G.U. n. 82 dell’8/4/1927 (in Italian)

  • Regio Decreto Legge n. 682 del 3/4/1930 (1930) Nuove norme tecniche ed igieniche di edilizia per le località sismiche. G.U. n. 133 del 7/6/1930 (in Italian)

  • Regio Decreto Legge n. 640 del 25/3/1935 (1935) Nuovo testo delle norme tecniche di edilizia con speciali prescrizioni per le località colpite dai terremoti. G.U. n. 120 del 22/5/1935 (in Italian)

  • Regio Decreto Legge n. 2105 del 22/11/1937 (1937) Norme tecniche di edilizia con speciali prescrizioni per le località colpite dai terremoti. G.U. n. 298 del 27/12/1937 (in Italian)

  • Ricci P, De Luca F, Verderame GM (2011) 6th April 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, Italy: reinforced concrete building performance. Bull Earthq Eng 9(1):285–305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rota M, Penna A, Strobbia CL (2008) Processing Italian damage data to derive typological fragility curves. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 2810:933–947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabetta F, Speranza E, Borzi B, Faravelli M (2013) Scenari di danno empirici e analitici a confronto con recenti terremoti italiani. Atti del 32° Convegno Nazionale GNGTS Gruppo Nazionale di Geofisica della Terra Solida, vol 2. Trieste, Italy, pp 136–141, Nov 19–21 (in Italian)

  • Santarsiero G, Chiauzzi L, Masi A (2016) Analisi del danneggiamento di edifici situati nella zona Sud del comune di Amatrice: confronto pre e post sisma del 24/08/2016 V2. http://www.reluis.it

  • Sezen H, Moehle JP (2004) Shear strength model for lightly reinforced concrete columns. J Struct Eng 130(11):1692–1703

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tertulliani A, Arcoraci L, Berardi M, Bernardini F, Camassi R, Castellano C, Del Mese S, Ercolani E, Graziani L, Leschiutta I, Rossi A, Vecchi M (2011) An application of EMS98 in a medium-sized city: the case of L’Aquila Central Italy after the April 6, 2009 Mw 6.3 earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 91:67–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vamvatsikos D, Cornell CA (2006) Direct estimation of the seismic demand and ca-pacity of oscillators with multi-linear static pushovers through IDA. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 359:1097–1117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verderame GM, Manfredi G, Frunzio G (2001) Le proprietà meccaniche dei calcestruzzi impiegati nelle strutture in cemento armato realizzate negli anni '60. Atti del X congresso nazionale ANIDIS “L'ingegneria Sismica in Italia”, Potenza-Matera, Italy, September 9–13 (in Italian)

  • Verderame GM, Polese M, Mariniello C, Manfredi G (2010) A simulated design procedure for the assessment of seismic capacity of existing reinforced concrete buildings. Adv Eng Softw 412:323–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Verderame GM, Ricci P, Esposito M, Manfredi G (2012) STIL v1.0—Software per la caratterizzazione delle proprietà meccaniche degli acciai da c.a. tra il 1950 e il 2000. ReLUIS. (http://www.reluis.it/)

  • Verderame GM, Ricci P, De Luca F, Del Gaudio C, De Risi MT (2014) Damage scenarios for RC buildings during the 2012 Emilia Italy earthquake. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 66:385–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wald DJ, Worden CB, Quitoriano V, Pankow KL (2006) ShakeMap® Manual, technical manual, users guide, and software guide 156. http://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2005/12A01/pdf/508TM12-A1.pdf

  • Whitman RV, Anagnos T, Kircher CA, Lagorio HJ, Lawson RS, Schneider P (1997) Development of a national earthquake loss estimation methodology. Earthq Spectra 134:643–661

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The work presented in this paper was funded by Progetto Esecutivo DPC/ReLUIS 2017 (AQ DPC/ReLUIS 2014-2018) - PR2/WP4.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Chiauzzi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Masi, A., Chiauzzi, L., Santarsiero, G. et al. Seismic response of RC buildings during the Mw 6.0 August 24, 2016 Central Italy earthquake: the Amatrice case study. Bull Earthquake Eng 17, 5631–5654 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0277-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-017-0277-5

Keywords

Navigation