Abstract
In the immediate post-earthquake, the safety conditions of buildings are commonly evaluated by field visual inspections. Then, a second phase involves the design of repair interventions and the relevant funding requests to the government or to insurance companies. The paper discusses the data related to the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, focusing on the empirical damage and relevant Actual Repair Costs (ARC) of damaged residential buildings derived from requests for funding presented by practitioners engaged by owners in the reconstruction process. In particular, the data collected from a set of 2500 residential Reinforced Concrete (RC) and masonry buildings are presented focussing on the construction age, number of storeys, damage extent on structural components and ARC. A damage index for each building component has been computed according to data collected by field inspections and the relationship between damage index and different classes of buildings is herein outlined. Then, a correlation between the empirical damage and ARC is determined by means of a regression analysis. The proposed relationship between empirical damage and ARC may drive decision makers, in the immediate post-earthquake, to make preliminary estimates of the repair costs, only based on quick surveys on residential buildings. The relationship may also be used as a tool to figure out repair costs based on damage scenarios.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Annex to O.P.C.M. n. 3779 (2009) “Guidelines for the implementation of the measures referred to the Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers n. 3779 June 6”. (In Italian), “Indirizzi per l’esecuzione degli interventi di cui all’Ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3779 del 6 giugno 2009”
Annex to O.P.C.M. n. 3790 (2009) “Guidelines for the implementation of the measures referred to the Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers n. 3790 July 9”. (In Italian), “Indirizzi per l’esecuzione degli interventi di cui all’Ordinanza del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri n. 3790 del 9 luglio 2009”
Ministerial Decree n.40 03/03/1975 “Approval of technical guidelines for constructions in seismic zones”
Royal Decree, R.D. n. 573/1915 rules for repairs, reconstruction and new construction of public and private buildings in seismic areas affected by the earthquake of January 13, 1915.
Aslani H, Miranda E (2005) “Probabilistic earthquake loss estimation and loss disaggregation in buildings.” Report No.157, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University
Applied Technology Council (ATC) (1989), “Procedures for post earthquake safety evaluation of buildings”, ATC-20 Report, Redwood City, CA
ATC 20-2 (1995) Addendum to ATC-20 (1989) - "Procedures for post-earthquake safety evaluation of buildings"- ATC-20 Report, Redwood City, CA
Baggio C, Bernardini A, Colozza R, Di Pasquale G, Dolce M, Goretti A, Martinelli A, Orsini G, Papa F, Zuccaro G, Pinto AV, Taucer F (2007) Field Manual for post-earthquake damage and safety assessment and short term countermeasures (AeDES). EUR 22868 EN, Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy
Decree of the President of the Council of Ministers D.P.C.M. May, 5 (2011) “Approval of the tool to assess the damages, the emergency countermeasures and usability of ordinary buildings in the post-seismic emergency and relevant manual”. (In Italian), “Approvazione del modello per il rilevamento dei danni, pronto intervento e agibilità per edifici ordinari nell’emergenza post-sismica e del relativo manuale di compilazione”. Pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 113, Supplemento Ordinario n.123, 17 Maggio 2011
Del Gaudio C, De Martino G, Di Ludovico M, Ricci P, Verderame GM (2016) Empirical fragility curves from damage data on RC buildings after the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake. Bull of Earthq Eng. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-0026-1
Di Ludovico M, Polese M, Gaetani d’Aragona M, Prota A, Manfredi G (2013) A proposal for plastic hinges modification factors for damaged RC columns. Eng Struct 51:99–112. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.009
Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Moroni C, Manfredi G, Dolce M (2016a) Reconstruction process of damaged residential buildings outside the historical centres after L’Aquila earthquake-part I: “light damage” reconstruction. Bull Earthq Eng. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-9877-8
Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Moroni C, Manfredi G, Dolce M (2016b) Reconstruction process of damaged residential buildings outside historical centres after the L’aquila earthquake-part II: “heavy damage” reconstruction. Bull Earthq Eng. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-9979-3
Dolce M, Goretti A (2015) Building damage assessment after the 2009 Abruzzi earthquake. Bull Earthq Eng 13(8):2241–2264
Dolce M, Moroni C, Samela C, Marino M, Masi A, Vona M (2001) Una Procedura di Normalizzazione del Danno per la Valutazione degli Effetti di Amplificazione Locale, Proceedings of the X National con-ference of seismic engineering in Italy, Potenza-Matera, 9–13 September 2001 (in Italian)
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) (2003) Multi-hazard Loss estimation methodology, earthquake model HAZUS-MHMR1, advanced engineering building module, technical and user’s manual. Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington DC
Gunturi S, Shah H (1993) Building-specific earthquake damage estimation, Ph.D. Thesis. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, CA
Hill M, Rossetto T (2008) Comparison of building damage scales and damage descriptions for use in earthquake loss modelling in Europe. Bull Earthq Eng 6(2):335–365
Holmes WT (1996) Policies and standards for reoccupancy repair of earthquake-damaged buildings. Earthq Spectra 10(3):197–208
The Japan Building Disaster Prevention Association, JBDPA (1991) Guideline for post-earthquake damage evaluation and rehabilitation (revised in 2001) [in Japanese]
Krawinkler H, Miranda E (2004) Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering. In: Borzognia Y, Bertero V V (eds) Earthquake Engineering: From Engineering Seismology to Performance-Based Engineering, 1st edn. CRC Press, pp 9–1–9.59
Kustu O, Miller D, Brokken ST (1982) Development of damage functions for high-rise building components, technical report. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, CA
Lagomarsino G, Giovinazzi S (2006) Macroseismic and mechanical models for the vulnerability and damage assessment of current buildings. Bull Earthquake Eng 4:415–443
Law n. 64 of February 2, (1974) “Measures for buildings with special requirements for seismic zones”
Ministerial Decree of Public Works D.M.LL.PP January 16, (1996) Technical rules for constructions. “Norme tecniche per le costruzioni in zona sismica”.Pubblicata nella Gazzeta Ufficiale n. 29, del 5 Febbraio 1996. (In Italian)
Mitrani-Reiser J, Beck JL (2007) Incorporating losses due to repair costs, downtime and fatalities in performance-based earthquake engineering. In: Proceedings of conference on computational methods in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering. Rethymo, Crete, Greece
NZSEE Working Party with support from the Department of Building and Housing and the Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency Management (2009) Building safety evaluation during a state of emergency—guidelines for territorial authority
Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers, O.P.C.M. n. 3274, March 20, (2003) “First elements in matter of general criteria for the seismic classification of the national territory and technical norms for the constructions in seismic zones”. (In Italian), O.P.C.M. n. 3274, del 20 Marzo 2003 –“Primi elementi in materia di criteri generali per la classificazione sismica del territorio nazionale e di normative tecniche per le costruzioni in zona sismica”. Pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 108 del 8 maggio 2003
Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers, O.P.C.M. n. 3779, June 6, (2009) “Urgent interventions to deal with seismic events occurred in the Abruzzo region on April 6, 2009 and other urgent civil protection provisions”. (In Italian), O.P.C.M. n. 3779 del 6 giugno (2009) “Ulteriori interventi urgenti diretti a fronteggiare gli eventi sismici verificatisi nella regione Abruzzo il giorno 6 aprile 2009 e altre disposizioni urgenti di protezione civile”, Pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 132 del 10 giugno 2009”
Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers, O.P.C.M. n. 3790, July 9, (2009) “Urgent interventions to deal with seismic events occurred in the Abruzzo region on April 6, 2009 and other urgent civil protection provisions” (In Italian), (In Italian), O.P.C.M. n. 3790 del 9 luglio - “ Ulteriori interventi urgenti diretti a fronteggiare gli eventi sismici verificatisi nella regione Abruzzo il giorno 6 aprile 2009 e altre disposizioni urgenti di protezione civile”, Pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 166 del 20 luglio 2009
Ordinance of the President of the Council of Ministers, O.P.C.M. n. 3881, June 11, (2010) “Urgent interventions to deal with seismic events occurred in the Abruzzo region on April 6, 2009 and other urgent civil protection provisions” (In Italian), O.P.C.M. n. 3881 del 11 giugno 2010 - “Ulteriori interventi urgenti diretti a fronteggiare gli eventi sismici verificatisi nella regione Abruzzo il giorno 6 aprile 2009 e altre disposizioni urgenti di protezione civile”, Pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 166 del 20 luglio 2009, Pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n.152 del 2 luglio 2010
Polese M, Di Ludovico M, Prota A, Manfredi G (2013) Damage-dependent vulnerability curves for existing buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 42(6):853–870
Polese M, Di Ludovico M, Marcolini M, Prota A, Manfredi G (2015) Assessing reparability: simple tools for estimation of costs and performance loss of earthquake damaged reinforced concrete buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 44(10):1539–1557
Porter KA, Kiremidjian AS (2001) Assembly-based vulnerability of buildings and its uses inseismic performance evaluation and risk management decision-making, Technical Report No. 309. Stanford, CA: John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University
Ramirez CM, Liel AB, Mitrani-Reiser Haselton CB, Spear AD, Steiner J, Deierlein GG, Miranda E (2012) Expected earthquake damage and repair costs in reinforced concrete frame buildings. Earthq Eng Struct Dynam 41:1455–1475
Scholl RE, Kustu, O, Perry, CL Zanetti JM (1982) Seismic damage assessment for high-rise building, Technical Report. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, CA http://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000812
Sieberg A (1930) Geologie der Erdbeben. Handbuch der Geophysik 2(4):552–555
Singhal A, Kiremidjian AS (1996) A Method for earthquake motion-damage relationships with application to reinforced concrete frames, Technical Report No. 119, John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, CA
Zareian F, Krawinkler HK (2006) Simplified Performance-based Earthquake Engineering. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Stanford University, Stanford
Acknowledgements
The activity reported in the paper have been carried out in the framework of contracts between ReLUIS and the Government Institutions in charge for the reconstruction of L’Aquila and other municipalities struck by the earthquake of April 6, 2009.
The collaboration of Fintecna and Cineas is acknowledged as partners of ReLUIS in the Filiera activities described in the paper.
This study was partially performed in the framework of PE 2014–2016 joint program DPC-ReLUIS.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
De Martino, G., Di Ludovico, M., Prota, A. et al. Estimation of repair costs for RC and masonry residential buildings based on damage data collected by post-earthquake visual inspection. Bull Earthquake Eng 15, 1681–1706 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0039-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-0039-9