Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Behaviour factor for innovative massive timber shear walls

  • Original Research Paper
  • Published:
Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Four massive wooden shear walls were analysed via experimental tests and numerical simulations. The specimens differ mainly in the method used to assemble the layers of timber boards: two of them are the well-known Cross-Laminated-Timber panels with glued interfaces, the other two are innovative massive timber panels adopting steel staples or wooden dovetail inserts to connect the layers. Quasi-static cyclic-loading tests were performed for each wall and main results are presented and analysed. A non-linear numerical model was calibrated on experimental results and used to perform non-linear dynamic analyses on specifically designed three-storey shear wall. The methods ensuring a reliable estimation of the intrinsic behaviour factor are presented and the definition of yielding and failure condition is discussed. The intrinsic behaviour factor values were calculated using results from non-linear dynamic analyses. Three limits of failure condition were analysed to estimate the correlated Peak Ground Acceleration and therefore the behaviour factor. A final interpretation of the obtained results is presented and some instructions about the choice of the suitable behaviour factor are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • ASCE (2010) Minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. ASCE, Washington DC, pp 7–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceccotti A (2008) New technologies for construction of medium-rise buildings in seismic regions: the XLAM case. Struct Eng Int 18(2):156–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ceccotti A, Sandhaas C (2010) A proposal for a standard procedure to establish the seismic behaviour factor q of timber buildings. Proceedings of the 11th world conference on timber engineering WCTE, Riva del Garda, Italy

  • Ceccotti A, Lauriola MP, Pinna M, Sandhaas C (2006) SOFIE project—cyclic tests on cross-laminated wooden panels. Proceedings of the world conference on timber engineering WCTE, Portland, USA

  • Ceccotti A, Sandhaas C, Okabe M, Yasumura M, Minowa C, Kawai N (2013) SOFIE project—3D shaking table test on a seven-storey full-scale cross-laminated timber building. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 42:2003–2021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra AK (1995) Dynamics of structures—theory and applications to earthquake engineering. Upper saddle river. Prentice Hall, NJ

    Google Scholar 

  • Dujic B, Strus K, Zarnic R, Ceccotti A (2010) Prediction of dynamic response of a 7-storey massive XLam wooden building tested on a shaking table. Proceedings of the world conference on timber engineering WCTE, Riva del Garda, Italy

  • Elnashai AS, Di Sarno L (2008) Fundamentals of earthquake engineering. Wiley, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Elnashai AS, Mwafy AM (2002) Overstrength and force reduction factors of multistorey reinforced-concrete buildings. Struct Des Tall Build 11:329–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elwood KJ, Moehle JP (2006) Idealized backbone model for existing reinforced concrete columns and comparisons with FEMA 356 criteria. Struct Des Tall Spec Build 15(5):553–569

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • European Committee for Standardization (CEN) (2006a) EN 12512—Timber structures—test methods—cyclic testing of joints made with mechanical fasteners. Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • European Committee for Standardization (CEN) (2006b) EN 1990—Eurocode—basis of structural design. Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • European Committee for Standardization (CEN) (2013) EN 1998—Eurocode 8—design of structures for earthquake resistance, part 1: general rules, seismic actions and rules for buildings. Brussels, Belgium

    Google Scholar 

  • Fajfar P (2000) A nonlinear analysis method for performance based seismic design. Earthq Spectra 16(3):573–592

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foschi RO, Bonac T (1977) Load slip characteristic for connections with common nails. Wood Sci 9(3):118–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Fragiacomo M, Dujic B, Sustersic I (2011) Elastic and ductile design of multi-storey crosslam massive wooden buildings under seismic actions. Eng Struct 33(11):3043–3053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gavric I, Ceccotti A, Fragiacomo M (2011) Experimental cyclic tests on cross-laminated timber panels and typical connections. Proceedings of ANIDIS, Bari, Italy

  • Gavric I, Fragiacomo M, Ceccotti A (2013) Capacity seismic design of x-lam wall systems based on connection mechanical properties. Proceedings of the 46th meeting of the working commission W18-timber structures CIB, Vancouver, Canada, paper CIB-W18/46-15-2

  • Gavric I, Fragiacomo M, Popovski M, Ceccotti A (2014) Behaviour of cross-laminated timber panels under cyclic loads. Mater J Timber Struct 9:689–702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfi P (2012) SIMQKE_GR version 2.7. University of Brescia (Software)

  • Institute for Research in Construction (2010) National building code. National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna F, Fenves GL, Scott MH (2000) Open system for earthquake engineering simulation. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (Software)

  • Muñoz W, Mohammad M, Salenikovich A, Quenneville P (2008) Need for a harmonized approach for calculations of ductility of timber assemblies. Proceedings of the 41st Meeting of the working commission W18-timber structures, CIB, St. Andrews, Canada, paper CIB-W18/41-15-1

  • Pei S, van de Lindt JW, Popovski M (2013) Approximate R-factor for cross-laminated timber walls in multistory buildings. J Archit Eng 19(4):245–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Piazza M, Polastri A, Tomasi R (2011) Ductility of joints in timber structures. Struct Build 164:79–90

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popovski M, Schneider J, Schweinstreiger M (2010) Lateral load resistance of cross-laminated wood panels. Proceedings of the world conference on timber engineering WCTE, Riva del Garda, Italy

  • Popovski M, Pei S, van de Lindt JW, Karacabeyli E (2014) Force modification factors for CLT structures for NBCC. Mater J Timber Struct 9:543–553

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozza L, Scotta R (2014) Influence of wall assembly on q-factor of XLam buildings. Proceedings of the institution of civil engineers journal structures and buildings. doi:10.1680/stbu.13.00081

  • Pozza L, Scotta R, Polastri A, Ceccotti A (2012) Seismic behaviour of wood-concrete frame shearwall system and comparison with code provisions. Proceedings of the 45th meeting of the working commission W18-timber structures, CIB, Växjö, Sweden, paper CIB-W18/45-15-2

  • Pozza L, Scotta R, Trutalli D, Ceccotti A, Polastri A (2013a) Analytical formulation based on extensive numerical simulations of behavior factor q for CLT buildings. Proceedings of the 46th meeting of the working commission W18-timber structures, CIB, Vancouver, Canada, paper CIB-W18/46-15-5

  • Pozza L, Trutalli D, Polastri A, Ceccotti A (2013b) Seismic design of CLT buildings: definition of the suitable q-factor by numerical and experimental procedures. Proceedings of the second international conference ICSA, Guimaraes, Portugal, structures and architecture 9:90–97. doi:10.1201/b15267-13

  • Pozza L, Scotta R, Trutalli D, Pinna M, Polastri A, Bertoni P (2014) Experimental and numerical analyses of new massive wooden shear-wall systems. Buildings 4(3):355–374. doi:10.3390/buildings4030355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pozza L, Scotta R, Trutalli D, Polastri A, Ceccotti A (2015) Concrete-plated wooden shear walls: structural details, testing and seismic characterization. ASCE J Struct Eng. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001289

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandhaas C, Boukes J, van de Kuilen JW, Ceccotti A (2009) Analysis of X-lam panel-to-panel connections under monotonic and cyclic loading. Proceedings of the 42nd meeting of the working commission W18-timber structures, CIB, Dübendorf, Switzerland, paper CIB-W18/42-12-2

  • Schädle P, Blaß HJ (2010) Earthquake behaviour of modern timber construction systems. Proceedings of the 11th world conference on timber engineering WCTE, Riva del Garda, Italy

  • Seismosoft (2013) SeismoArtif v2.1. (Software)

  • Yasumura M (2012) Determination of failure mechanism of CLT shear walls subjected to seismic action. Proceedings of the 45th meeting of the working commission W18-Timber structures, CIB, Växjö, Sweden, paper CIB-W18/45-15-1

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Lignaconstruct, Soligno and TIS Innovation Park, Bolzano (Italy) for their cooperation during testing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy

    Luca Pozza, Roberto Scotta & Davide Trutalli

  2. Trees and Timber Institute of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR IVALSA), Via Biasi 75, 38010, San Michele all’Adige, TN, Italy

    Andrea Polastri

Authors
  1. Luca Pozza
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roberto Scotta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Davide Trutalli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andrea Polastri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luca Pozza.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pozza, L., Scotta, R., Trutalli, D. et al. Behaviour factor for innovative massive timber shear walls. Bull Earthquake Eng 13, 3449–3469 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9765-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-015-9765-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation