Abstract
With Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) data, we systematically study the cross-correlation and time lag in all spectral states of black hole X-ray binary (BHXB) XTE J1859+226 in detail during its entire 1999–2000 outburst that lasted for 166 days. Anti-correlations and positive correlations and their respective soft and hard X-ray lags are only detected in the first 100 days of the outburst when the luminosity is high. This suggests that the cross-correlations may be related to high luminosity. Positive correlations are detected in every state of XTE J1859+226, viz., hard state, hard-intermediate state (HIMS), soft-intermediate state (SIMS) and soft state. However, anti-correlations are only detected in HIMS and SIMS, anti-correlated hard lags are only detected in SIMS, while anti-correlated soft lags are detected in both HIMS and SIMS. Moreover, the ratio of the observations with anti-correlated soft lags to hard lags detected in XTE J1859+226 is significantly different from that in neutron star low-mass X-ray binaries (NS LMXBs). So far, anti-correlations are never detected in the soft state of BHXBs but detected in every branch or state of NS LMXBs. This may be due to the origin of soft seed photons in BHXBs is confined to the accretion disk and, for NS LMXBs, from both accretion disk and the surface of the NS. We notice that the timescale of anti-correlated time lags detected in XTE J1859+226 is similar with that of other BHXBs and NS LMXBs. We suggest that anti-correlated soft lag detected in BHXB may result from fluctuation in the accretion disk as well as NS LMXB.
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Acknowledgements
We thank the anonymous referee for her or his constructive comments and suggestions, which helped us to carry out this research deeply and improve the presentation of this paper. This research has made use of the data obtained through the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC) On-line Service, provided by NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). This work is partially supported by the National Program on Key Research and Development Project (Grant Nos. 2016YFA0400804 and 2016YFA0400803) and the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program 2015CB857100). This work is also partially supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11303047, 11573059 and 11673023) and the 2014 Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China for Flexibly Fetching in Upscale Talents.
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Pei, S., Ding, G., Li, Z. et al. A study of the cross-correlation and time lag in black hole X-ray binary XTE J1859+226. Astrophys Space Sci 362, 118 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-017-3101-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-017-3101-4