Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Dense Gas Diagnostics: Maser Excitation and Variability

  • Published:
Astrophysics and Space Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

I review a number of diagnostic techniques, based upon the excitation and variability of astrophysical masers, which can be applied to dense gas. In each case, I consider the observations necessary and the amount of interpretation, or modelling, required to complete the analysis of a source, presenting examples of each diagnostic method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abraham, Z. and Vilas Boas, J.W.S.: 1994, A&A 290, 956.

    Google Scholar 

  • Argon, A.L., Reid, M.J. and Menten, K.M.: 2003, ApJ 593, 925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baudry, A. and Diamond, P.J.: 1998, A&A 331, 697.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brand, J., Cesaroni, R., Comorretto, G., Felli, M., Palargi, F., Palla, F. and Valdettaro, R.: 2003, A&A 407, 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caputo, F., Marconi, M. and Musella, I.: 2002, ApJ 566, 833.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, A.H.: 1966, Nature 211, 503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cragg, D.M., Sobolev, A.M. and Godfrey, D.: 2002, MNRAS 331, 521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Desmurs, J.-F., Baudry, A., Wilson, T.L., Cohen, R.J. and Tofani, G.: 1998, A&A 334, 1085.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, P.-J., Lonsdale, C.J., Lonsdale, C.J. and Smith, H.E.: 1999, ApJ 511, 178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dousmanis, G.C., Sanders, T.M. and Townes, C.H.: 1955, Phys. Rev. 100, 1735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisner, J.A., Greenhill, L.J., Herrnstein, J.R., Moran, J.M. and Menten, K.M.: 2002, ApJ 569, 334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elitzur, M.: 1993, ApJ 416, 256.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, N.J., Hills, R.E., Rydbeck, O.E.H. and Kollberg, E.: 1972, Phys. Rev. A. 6, 1643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallimore, J.F., Cool, R.J., Thornley, M.D. and McMullin, J.: 2003, ApJ 586, 306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goedhart, S. and Gaylard, M.J.: 2002, IAUS 206, 131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M.D., Cohen, R.J., Richards, A.M.S., Yates, J.A. and Field, D.: 2001, MNRAS 324, 643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M.D.: 2003, MNRAS 343, L33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M.D. and Bewley, S.L.: 2003, MNRAS 344, 439.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, M.D., Hutawarakorn, B. and Cohen, R.J.: 2003, MNRAS 343, 1067.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haschick, A.D., Baan, W.A. and Peng, W.: 1994, ApJ 437, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrnstein, J.R. et al.: 1999, Nature 400, 539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, I.M., Goss, W.M., Palmer and Richards, A.M.S.: 2003, ApJ 598, 1061.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutawarakorn, B. and Cohen, R.J.: 1999, MNRAS 303, 845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imai, H., Horiuchi, S., Deguchi, S. and Kameya, O.: 2003, ApJ 595, 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, K.J., Gaume, R.A., Wilson, T.L., Nguyen, H.A. and Nedoluha, G.E., 1997, ApJ 490, 758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Killeen, N.E.B., Staveley-Smith, L., Wilson, W.E. and Sault, R.J.: 1996, MNRAS 280, 1143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lekht, E.E., Mendoza-Torres, J.E. and Silant’ev, N.A.: 1999, Astron. Reports 43, 209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo, K.Y., Walker, R.C., Burke, B.F., Moran, J.M., Johnston, K.J. and Ewing, M.S., 1975, ApJ 202, 650.

    Google Scholar 

  • Menten, K.-M., Reid, M.J., Moran, J.M., Wilson, T.L., Johnston, K.J. and Batrla, W.: 1988, ApJ 333, L83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minier, V., Booth, R.S. and Conway, J.E.: 1998, A&A 336, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minier, V., Booth, R.S. and Conway, J.E.: 2000, A&A 362, 1093.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moscadelli, L., Menten, K.M., Walmsley, C.M. and Reid, M.J.: 1999, ApJ 519, 244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, R.P. et al., 1998, ApJ 508, 275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, P., Goss, W.M. and Devine, K.E.: 2003, ApJ 599, 324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pihlström, Y.M., Conway, J.E., Booth, R.S., Diamond, P.J. and Polatidis, A.G.: 2001, A&A 377, 413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, M.J., Haschick, A.D., Burke, B.F., Moran, J.M., Johnston, K.J. and Swenson, G.W.: 1980, ApJ 239, 89.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scappatici, G.A. and Watson, W.D.: 1992, ApJ 400, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneps, M.H., Lane, A.P., Downes, D., Moran, J.M., Genzel, R. and Reid, M.J.: 1981, ApJ 249, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seth, A.C., Greenhill, L.J. and Holder, B.P.: 2002, ApJ 581, 325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev, A.M., Wallin, B.K. and Watson, W.D.: 1998, ApJ 498, 763.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobolev, A.M., Watson, W.D. and Okorokov, V.A.: 2003, ApJ 590, 333.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrelles, J.M., Gómez, J.F., Rodr⁗uez, L.F., Curiel, S. and Anglada, G.: 1998, ApJ 505, 756.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrelles, J.M. et al.: 2001, ApJ 560, 853.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrelles, J.M. et al.: 2003, ApJ 598, L115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Uchida, Y. and Shibata, K.: 1985, PASJ 37, 515.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, W.D.: 1994, ApJ 424, L37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M.M., Gray, M.D. and Diamond, P.J.: 2004, MNRAS 350, 1253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, M.M., Gray, M.D. and Diamond, P.J.: 2004, MNRAS in press.

  • Yates, J.A., Richards, A.M.S., Wright, M.M., Collett, J.L., Gray, M.D., Field, D. and Cohen, R.J.: 2000, MNRAS 317, 28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng, X.-W.: 1989, ChJSS 9, 87.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Astrophysics Group, Department of Physics, University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, PO Box 88, Manchester, M60 1QD, UK

    Malcolm Gray

Authors
  1. Malcolm Gray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Malcolm Gray.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gray, M. Dense Gas Diagnostics: Maser Excitation and Variability. Astrophys Space Sci 295, 309–318 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-005-3732-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10509-005-3732-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation