Abstract
Some men who have sex with men (MSM) engage in the exchange of sexual services for money, drugs, shelter or something else of value. There has been limited research examining the factors that influence how male sex workers (MSWs) determine their fees for their services. To learn more about this, qualitative interview data were analyzed from 180 MSM from 8 US cities who had recently engaged in exchange sex with clients they had primarily met through dating/hookup websites and apps. The primary factor that affected participants’ fees was the type of services provided, with a higher price generally charged for anal sex than for oral sex, mutual masturbation or massage. Condomless anal sex, in particular, commanded a higher fee. Additionally, participants required more money for special kinks or fetishes or any services that they considered to be risky, demanding or physically or emotionally uncomfortable. Other factors that affected how much participants charged for a given encounter included the duration of the meeting, the level of client appeal, the perceived wealth of the client, and the participant’s current financial situation. Participants varied in their approaches to fee setting, in terms of both their degree of flexibility when negotiating a price and whether they preferred to suggest a fee or have the client first state an amount they were willing to pay. Information about MSWs’ approaches to fee setting provides greater understanding of their lived experiences and the risks they may accept for higher fees.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Availability of Data and Materials
All reasonable requests will be considered.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
Adriaenssens, S., & Hendrickx, J. (2012). Sex, price and preferences: Accounting for unsafe sexual practices in prostitution markets: Accounting for unsafe sexual practices in prostitution. Sociology of Health & Illness, 34(5), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2011.01400.x
Argento, E., Taylor, M., Jollimore, J., Taylor, C., Jennex, J., Krusi, A., & Shannon, K. (2018). The loss of Boystown and transition to online sex work: Strategies and barriers to increase safety among men sex workers and clients of men. American Journal of Men’s Health, 12(6), 1994–2005. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988316655785
Armstrong, H. L., Sang, J. M., Skala, A., Wang, L., Zhu, J., Lachowsky, N. J., Card, K. G., Benoit, C., Olarewaju, G., Hogg, R. S., Moore, D. M., & Roth, E. A. (2021). Factors associated with transactional sex among a cohort of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Vancouver, Canada. Sexual Health, 18(6), 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH21128
Arunachalam, R., & Shah, M. (2012). The prostitute’s allure: The return to beauty in commercial sex work. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/1935-1682.3203
Bar-Johnson, M. D., & Weiss, P. (2015). A comparison of male sex workers in Prague: Internet escorts versus men who work in specialized bars and clubs. Journal of Sex Research, 52(3), 338–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.848256
Bimbi, D. S. (2007). Male prostitution: Pathology, paradigms and progress in research. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(1–2), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v53n01_02
Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2005). Barebacking among internet based male sex workers. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 9(3–4), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.1300/J236v09n03_06
Blackwell, C. W., & Dziegielewski, S. F. (2013). Risk for a price: Sexual activity solicitations in online male sex worker profiles. Journal of Social Service Research, 39(2), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2012.744617
Cameron, S., Collins, A., & Thew, N. (1999). Prostitution services: An exploratory empirical analysis. Applied Economics, 31(12), 1523–1529. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368499323049
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2016). HIV infection risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among men who have sex with men—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 20 U.S. Cities, 2014 (15; HIV Surveillance Special Report). http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pdf/library/reports/surveillance/cdc-hiv-hssr-nhbs-msm-2014.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2019). HIV infection risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among men who have sex with men—National HIV Behavioral Surveillance, 23 U.S. Cities, 2017 (22; HIV Surveillance Special Report). https://npin.cdc.gov/publication/hiv-infection-risk-prevention-and-testing-behaviors-among-men-who-have-sex-men-national
Chang, H.-H., & Weng, Y. (2012). What is more important for prostitute price? Physical appearance or risky sex behavior? Economics Letters, 117(2), 480–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2012.06.041
Cunningham, S., & Kendall, T. D. (2011). Prostitution 2.0: The changing face of sex work. Journal of Urban Economics, 69(3), 273–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2010.12.001
Dank, M., Yahner, J., Madden, K., Bañuelos, I., Yu, L., Ritchie, A., Mora, M., & Conner, B. (2015). Surviving the streets of New York: Experiences of LGBTQ youth, YMSM, and YWSW engaged in survival sex. Urban Institute. http://www.urban.org/research/publication/surviving-streets-new-york-experiences-lgbtq-youth-ymsm-and-ywsw-engaged-survival-sex
DeAngelo, G., Shapiro, J. N., Borowitz, J., Cafarella, M., Ré, C., & Shiffman, G. (2019). Pricing risk in prostitution: Evidence from online sex ads. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 59(3), 281–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-019-09317-1
Egger, P. H., & Lindenblatt, A. (2015). Endogenous risk-taking and physical appearance of sex workers. The European Journal of Health Economics, 16(9), 941–949. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-014-0640-2
Gertler, P., Shah, M., & Bertozzi, S. M. (2005). Risky business: The market for unprotected commercial sex. Journal of Political Economy, 113(3), 518–550. https://doi.org/10.1086/429700
Griffith, J. D., Capiola, A., Balotti, B., Hart, C. L., & Turner, R. (2016). Online female escort advertisements: The cost of sex. Evolutionary Psychology, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1474704916651270
Harriman, R. L., Johnston, B., & Kenny, P. M. (2007). Musings on male sex work: A “virtual” discussion. Journal of Homosexuality, 53(1–2), 277–318. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v53n01_12
Henriksen, T. D., Andersen, D., & Presser, L. (2020). “Not a real prostitute”: Narrative imagination, social policy, and care for men who sell sex. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 17(3), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-019-00407-y
Islam, A., & Smyth, R. (2012). The economic returns to good looks and risky sex in the Bangladesh commercial sex market. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/1935-1682.3059
Jackson, K. J., & Judge, S. M. (2021). Age- and race-related differences in advertised health behaviors among male sex workers in San Francisco who have sex with men. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 32(1), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000199
Jones, A. (2015). Sex work in a digital era. Sociology Compass, 9(7), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12282
Kille, J., Bungay, V., Oliffe, J., & Atchison, C. (2017). A content analysis of health and safety communications among internet-based sex work advertisements: Important information for public health. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(4), e111. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6746
Lee-Gonyea, J. A., Castle, T., & Gonyea, N. E. (2009). Laid to order: Male escorts advertising on the Internet. Deviant Behavior, 30(4), 321–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620802168858
Logan, T. D. (2016). The economics of male sex work. In S. Cunningham & M. Shah (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of the economics of prostitution (Vol. 1, pp. 255–281). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199915248.013.10
Logan, T. D. (2017a). Illicit intersections: The value of sex worker services. In Economics, sexuality, and male sex work (pp. 111–141). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316423899
Logan, T. D. (2017b). Service fees: Masculinity, safer sex, and male sex work. In Economics, sexuality, and male sex work (pp. 171–203). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316423899
Logan, T. D., & Shah, M. (2013). Face value: Information and signaling in an illegal market. Southern Economic Journal, 79(3), 529–564. https://doi.org/10.4284/0038-4038-2011.119
MacPhail, C., Scott, J., & Minichiello, V. (2015). Technology, normalisation and male sex work. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 17(4), 483–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.951396
McLean, A. (2015). ‘You can do it from your sofa’: The increasing popularity of the internet as a working site among male sex workers in Melbourne. Journal of Sociology, 51(4), 887–902. https://doi.org/10.1177/1440783313480416
Meunier, É., Cai, X., Bamonte, A., Callander, D., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2021). Exchange sex and condom use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men who use social and sexual networking technologies. Annals of LGBTQ Public and Population Health, 2(2), 170–184. https://doi.org/10.1891/LGBTQ-2020-0058
Mimiaga, M. J., Hughto, J. M. W., Klasko-Foster, L., Jin, H., Mayer, K. H., Safren, S. A., & Biello, K. B. (2021). Substance use, mental health problems, and physical and sexual violence additively increase hiv risk between male sex workers and their male clients in Northeastern United States. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 86(3), 305–312. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002563
Mimiaga, M. J., Reisner, S. L., Tinsley, J. P., Mayer, K. H., & Safren, S. A. (2009). Street workers and internet escorts: Contextual and psychosocial factors surrounding HIV risk behavior among men who engage in sex work with other men. Journal of Urban Health, 86(1), 54–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-008-9316-5
Minichiello, V., Marino, R., Browne, J., Jamieson, M., Peterson, K., Reuter, B., & Robinson, K. (2002). Male sex workers in three Australian cities. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(1), 29–51. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n01_02
Minichiello, V., Scott, J., & Callander, D. (2013). New pleasures and old dangers: Reinventing male sex work. Journal of Sex Research, 50(3–4), 263–275. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.760189
Minichiello, V., Scott, J., & Callander, D. (2015). A new public health context to understand male sex work. BMC Public Health, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1498-7
Moffatt, P. G., & Peters, S. A. (2004). Pricing personal services: An empirical study of earnings in the UK prostitution industry. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 51(5), 675–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0036-9292.2004.00327.x
Morris, M. (2021). The limits of labelling: Incidental sex work among gay, bisexual, and queer young men on social media. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 18(4), 855–868. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-021-00603-9
Nerlander, L. M., Hess, K. L., Sionean, C., Rose, C. E., Thorson, A., Broz, D., & Paz-Bailey, G. (2017). Exchange sex and HIV infection among men who have sex with men: 20 US cities, 2011. AIDS and Behavior, 21(8), 2283–2294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1450-6
Pruitt, M. V. (2005). Online boys: Male-for-male internet escorts. Sociological Focus, 38(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380237.2005.10571265
Quaife, M., Lépine, A., Deering, K., Terris-Prestholt, F., Beattie, T., Isac, S., Paranjape, R. S., & Vickerman, P. (2019). The cost of safe sex: Estimating the price premium for unprotected sex during the Avahan HIV Prevention Programme in India. Health Policy and Planning, 34(10), 784–791. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czz100
Raine, G. (2021). Violence against male sex workers: A systematic scoping review of quantitative data. Journal of Homosexuality, 68(2), 336–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1656029
Rao, V., Gupta, I., Lokshin, M., & Jana, S. (2003). Sex workers and the cost of safe sex: The compensating differential for condom use among Calcutta prostitutes. Journal of Development Economics, 71(2), 585–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(03)00025-7
Reisner, S. L., Mimiaga, M. J., Mayer, K. H., Tinsley, J. P., & Safren, S. A. (2008). Tricks of the trade: Sexual health behaviors, the context of HIV risk, and potential prevention intervention strategies for male sex workers. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 4(4), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/15574090903114739
Sanders, T. (2016). Inevitably violent? Dynamics of space, Governance, and stigma in understanding violence against sex workers. In Special issue: problematizing prostitution: Critical research and scholarship (Vol. 71, pp. 93–114). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1059-433720160000071005
Sanders, T., Brents, B., & Wakefield, C. (2020). Paying for sex in a digital age: US and UK perspectives (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429454370
Scott, J., Minichiello, V., Mariño, R., Harvey, G. P., Jamieson, M., & Browne, J. (2005). Understanding the new context of the male sex work industry. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(3), 320–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504270334
Shah, M. (2013). Do sex workers respond to disease? Evidence from the male market for sex. American Economic Review, 103(3), 445–450. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.445
Siegel, K., Cabán, M., Brown-Bradley, C. J., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2023a). Male sex workers’ strategies to manage client-related risks of violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(19–20), 10814–10838. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231176804
Siegel, K., Chen, A., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2023b). Dating and hookup apps and websites as facilitators of entry into sex work. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 20, 1830–1847. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-023-00809-z
Siegel, K., Sundelson, A. E., Meunier, É., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2022). Perceived stigma and stigma management strategies among online male sex workers. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(5), 2711–2730. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-02266-4
Smith, M. D., Grov, C., Seal, D. W., & McCall, P. (2013). A social-cognitive analysis of how young men become involved in male escorting. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2012.681402
Uy, J. M., Parsons, J. T., Bimbi, D. S., Koken, J. A., & Halkitis, P. N. (2004). Gay and bisexual male escorts who advertise on the internet: Understanding reasons for and effects of involvement in commercial sex. International Journal of Men’s Health, 3(1). http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/view/436
Valente, P. K., Mantell, J. E., Masvawure, T. B., Tocco, J. U., Restar, A. J., Gichangi, P., Chabeda, S. V., Lafort, Y., & Sandfort, T. G. (2020). “I couldn’t afford to resist”: Condom negotiations between male sex workers and male clients in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS and Behavior, 24(3), 925–937. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02598-2
Funding
This work was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities under Grant R01MD011587, “Exchange Sex and HIV Risk Among MSM Online” (PIs: Siegel/Schrimshaw).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
KS and EWS contributed to the study conception and design. Data analysis was carried out by KS and CBB. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KS, MC, and CBB and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare they have no financial interests. Eric W. Schrimshaw is on the Editorial Board of Archives of Sexual Behavior and receives no compensation as an Editorial Board Member.
Consent to Participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Research Involving Human Participants
This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board at Columbia University Irving Medical Center (Protocol AAAR5835).
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Siegel, K., Cabán, M., Brown-Bradley, C.J. et al. “It’s Almost Like Playing ‘The Price is Right’”: Factors Considered by Online Male Sex Workers When Setting the Price for Their Services. Arch Sex Behav 53, 3639–3653 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02957-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-024-02957-8