Skip to main content
Log in

From Sin to Sexual Self-Awareness: Black Women’s Reflection on Lifetime Masturbation Messages

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 18 July 2023

A Correction to this article was published on 27 December 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

To date, there has been very little empirical research on Black women’s masturbation practices and views on masturbation. This study fills the gap by exploring the messages Black women received about masturbation and self-pleasure and the sources of these messages using valence theory. Data were collected in 2021 from 242 Black women who participated in a survey during phase one of the triphasic Big Sex Study. Thematic analysis was used to analyze this short-form qualitative data. Results indicated a range of responses, with mixed messages reported more than negative, positive, and neutral messages. The three primary sources of messages were religion, family, and friends. There were several themes across the valence of messages including the development of positive messages, sexual self-awareness, masturbation as sin, health benefits and consequences, relationship difficulties, devaluation, and masturbation as dirty and gross. These results provide a basis for sexuality professionals to improve sociocultural knowledge about masturbation beliefs, practices, and message sources among Black women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Change history

References

  • Bailey, M. M. (2019). Whose body is this? On the cultural possibilities of a radical black sexual praxis. American Quarterly, 71(1), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1353/aq.2019.0009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benbow, C. M. (2022). Red lip theology: For church girls who’ve considered tithing to the beauty supply story when Sunday morning isn’t enough. Convergent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black Girl Bliss. (2018). Pussy prayers: Sacred and sensual rituals for wild women of color. Hay House, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black Girl Bliss. (2020). Please: Radical self-care for wild women of color. Hay House, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bohmer, C., Sullivan, Q., Sanchez, A., Thorpe, S., & Hargons, C. (2022). A content analysis on female masturbation studies through a sex positive and intersectional lens. Journal of Positive Sexuality, 8(2), 31–58. https://doi.org/10.51681/1.822

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowleg, L., Lucas, K. J., & Tschann, J. M. (2004). “The ball was always in his court”: An exploratory analysis of relationship scripts, sexual scripts, and condom use among African American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28(1), 70–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broaddus-Smith, B., Fredericks, K., & Fredericks, M. (Host). (2019-Present). #TheLoveHour | Should Christians Masturbate? [Video Podcast]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RALJ-QXTcPw.

  • Brown, A. M. (2019). Pleasure activism: The politics of feeling good. AK Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. M. (2005). In the bad or good of girlhood: Social class, schooling, and white femininities. In L. Lois & M. Fine (Eds.), Beyond silenced voices: Class, race, and gender in United States schools (pp. 146–162). State of University New York Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cain, V., Johannes, C. B., Avis, N. E., Mohr, B., Schocken, M., Skurnick, J., & Ory, M. (2003). Sexual functioning and practices in a multi-ethnic study of midlife women: Baseline results from SWAN. Journal of Sex Research, 40(3), 266–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, J. B., & Guy-Sheftall, B. (2003). Gender talk: The struggle for women’s equality in African American communities. One World, 9(1), 53–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, M. N., Butler, E. O., Long, A. M., & Fisher, F. D. (2016). In and out of love with hip-hop: Saliency of sexual scripts for young adult African American women in hip-hop and Black-oriented television. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 18(10), 1165–1179. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2016.1175029

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooke-Jackson, A., & Rubinsky, V. (2018). Deeply rooted in memories: Toward a comprehensive overview of 30 years of memorable message literature. Health Communication, 33(4), 409–422.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, B. (2018). How Sarah got her groove back, or notes toward a black feminist theology of pleasure. Black Theology, 16(3), 195–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks, N., King, B., & Tluczek, A. (2020). Protecting young Black female sexuality. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 22, 871–886.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crooks, N., King, B., Tluczek, A., & Sales, J. M. (2019). The process of becoming a sexual Black woman: A grounded theory study. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 51(1), 17–25. https://doi.org/10.1363/psrh.12085

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, K. B. (2018). Sexuality and the Black church: A womanist perspective. Orbis Books.

  • Epstein, R., Blake, J., & Gonzalez, T. (2017). Girlhood interrupted: The erasure of Black girls’ childhood. Center on Poverty and Inequality. https://www.law.georgetown.edu/poverty-inequality-center/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/08/girlhood-interrupted.pdf.

  • Evans, E., & Dyson, D. (2015). From princess to queen: A black feminist approach to positive sexual identity development. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 1(3), 25–56. https://doi.org/10.1353/bsr.2015.0005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M., Torre, M. E., Oswald, A. G., & Avory, S. (2021). Critical participatory action research: Methods and praxis for intersectional knowledge production. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 68(3), 344–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, K., Ward, L., Thomas, K., Foust, M., & Trinh, S. (2015). Will it help? Identifying socialization discourses that promote sexual risk and sexual health among African American youth. Journal of Sex Research, 52(2), 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.853724

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • French, B. H. (2013). More than Jezebels and freaks: Exploring how black girls navigate sexual coercion and sexual scripts. Journal of African American Studies, 17(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12111-012-9218-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Froyum, C. M. (2010). Making ‘good girls’: Sexual agency in the sexuality education of low-income black girls. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 12(1), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050903272583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, C. E. (2012). Consensual qualitative research: A practical resource for investigating social science phenomena. American Psychological Association.

  • Hamilton, M. A., & Hunter, J. E. (1998). The effect of language intensity on receiver evaluations of message, source, and topic. In M. Allen & R. W. Preiss (Eds.), Persuasion: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 99–138). Hampton Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargons, C. N., Dogan, J. N., Malone, N., Thorpe, S., Mosley, D. W., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2021). Balancing the sexology scales: A content analysis of black women’s sexuality research. Culture, Health, and Sexuality, 23, 1287–1301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2020.1776399

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hargons, C. N., Thorpe, S., Dogan, J. N., Malone, N., Wright, C. J., Mizelle, D. L., Stuck, J. L., Sullivan, Q., Sanchez, A., Bohmer, C., Stage, M., Bruther, K., Vigil, K., Cineas, M., & Gilbert, T. (2022). Black people’s constructions of good sex: Describing good sex from the margins. Manuscript submitted for publication.

  • Hargons, C. N., & Thorpe, S. (2022). HotGirlScience: A liberatory paradigm for intersectional sex positive scholarship. Journal of Positive Sexuality, 8(1), 3–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C., & Arcelay-Rojas, Y. (2021). Experiences of African American women living with herpes simplex virus 2. Journal of Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 15(1), 345–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerald, M. C., Cole, E. R., Ward, L. M., & Avery, L. R. (2017a). Controlling images: How awareness of group stereotypes affects Black women’s well-being. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(5), 487–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jerald, M. C., Ward, L. M., Moss, L., Thomas, K., & Fletcher, K. D. (2017b). Subordinates, sex objects, or sapphires? Investigating contributions of media use to black students’ femininity ideologies and stereotypes about black women. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(6), 608–635.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. (2021). Dirty south feminism: The girlies got somethin’to say too! southern hip-hop women, fighting respectability, talking mess, and twerking up the dirty south. Religions, 12(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12111030

  • Kaestle, C. E., & Allen, K. R. (2011). The role of masturbation in healthy sexual development: Perceptions of young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 983–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9722-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kendall, M. (2020). Hood feminism: Notes from the women that a movement forgot. Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilıç Onar, D., Armstrong, H., & Graham, C. A. (2020). What does research tell us about women’s experiences, motives and perceptions of masturbation within a relationship context?: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 46(7), 683–716.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knapp, M. L., Stohl, C., & Reardon, K. K. (1981). “Memorable” messages. Journal of Communication, 31, 27–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leath, S., Pittman, J. C., Grower, P., & Ward, L. M. (2020). Steeped in shame: An exploration of family sexual socialization among black college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 44(4), 450–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1951). Intention, will and need. In D. Rapaport (Ed.), Organization and pathology of thought: Selected sources (pp. 95–153). Columbia University Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/10584-005.

  • Lomax, T. (2018a). Jezebel unhinged. Duke University Press.

  • Lomax, T. (2018b). Black bodies in ecstasy: Black women, the Black church, and the politics of pleasure: An introduction. Black Theology, 16(3), 189–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meiller, C., & Hargons, C. N. (2019). “It’s happiness and relief and release”: Exploring masturbation among bisexual and queer women. Journal of Counseling Sexology and Sexual Wellness: Research, Practice, and Education, 1(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.34296/01011009

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, J. (2015). Why we get off: Moving towards a black feminist politics of pleasure. The Black Scholar, 45(4), 36–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/00064246.2015.1080915

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moses, E., & Kelly, S. (2016). African American adolescent sexuality: Influences on sexual scripting and sexual risk behaviors. Current Sexual Health Reports, 8(2), 64–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moultrie, M. (2018). Putting a ring on it: Black women, black churches, and coerced monogamy. Black Theology, 16(3), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14769948.2018.1492304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osei, S. (2021). Self-care and sexual pleasure: Why they're so important for black women. POPSUGAR Love & Sex. Retrieved April 9, 2022, from https://www.popsugar.com/love/why-self-pleasure-is-so-important-for-black-women-48111387.

  • Powell, T. W., Weeks, F. H., Illangasekare, S., Rice, E., Wilson, J., Hickman, D., & Blum, R. W. (2017). Facilitators and barriers to implementing church-based adolescent sexual health programs in Baltimore City. Journal of Adolescent Health, 60(2), 169–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.09.017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchwood, T. D., Powell, T. W., Metzger, I. W., Dave, G., Corbie-Smith, G., Atujuna, M., & Akers, A. Y. (2017). Understanding the relationship between religiosity and caregiver–adolescent communication about sex within African-American families. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(11), 2979–2989.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B. E., Bockting, W. O., Simon Rosser, B. R., Miner, M., & Coleman, E. (2002). The sexual health model: Application of a sexological approach to HIV prevention. Health Education Research, 17(1), 43–57.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, B. B. E., Bockting, W. O., & Harrell, T. (2003). Masturbation and sexual health: An exploratory study of low income African American women. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 14(2–3), 85–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, T. (2004). Longing to tell: Black women talk about sexuality and intimacy. Farrar.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowland, D., Donarski, A., Graves, V., Caldwell, C., Hevesi, B., & Hevesi, K. (2019). The experience of orgasmic pleasure during partnered and masturbatory sex in women with and without orgasmic difficulty. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 45(6), 550–561.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, J. L., & Horne, S. G. (2003). The use of self-pleasure: Masturbation and body image among African American and European American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27(3), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-6402.00106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shuman, V., Sander, D., & Scherer, K. R. (2013). Levels of valence. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 261. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00261

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shtarkshall, R., Santelli, J., & Hirsch, J. (2007). Sex education and sexual socialization: Roles for educators and parents. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39(2), 116–119.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, D. P., & Phillips, L. D. (2003). Freaks, gold diggers, divas, and dykes: The sociohistorical development of adolescent African American women’s sexual scripts. Sexuality and Culture, 7(1), 3–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavory, I., & Timmermans, S. (2014). Abductive analysis: Theorizing qualitative research. University of Chicago Press.

  • Thorpe, S., Malone, N., Hargons, C. N., Dogan, J. N., & Jester, J. K. (2022). The peak of pleasure: US southern black women’s definitions and feelings toward pleasure. Sexuality & Culture, 26, 1115–1131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-021-09934-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorpe, S., Dogan, J. N., Townes, A., Malone, N., Jester, J. K., & Hargons, C. N. (2021). Black women’s pleasure mapping. Journal of Black Sexuality and Relationships, 7(4), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L. (2002). Dilemmas of desire. Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, T. G. (2008). Protecting our daughters: Intersection of race, class and gender in African American mothers’ socialization of their daughters’ heterosexuality. Sex Roles, 59(5–6), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9409-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend, T., Thomas, A., Neilands, T., & Jackson, T. (2010). I’m no Jezebel: I am young, gifted and black: Identity, sexuality, and black girls. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34, 273–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vila-Henninger, L., Dupuy, C., Van Ingelgom, V., Caprioli, M., Teuber, F., Pennetreau, D., Bussi, M., & Le Gall, C. (2022). Abductive coding: Theory building and qualitative (re)analysis. Sociological Methods and Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/00491241211067508

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeks, F. H., Powell, T. W., Illangasekare, S., Rice, E., Wilson, J., Hickman, D., & Blum, R. W. (2016). Bringing evidence-based sexual health programs to adolescents in black churches: Applying knowledge from systematic adaptation frameworks. Health Education and Behavior, 43(6), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198116633459

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. J., Thomas, J. N., Prior, E. E., & Walters, W. (2015). Introducing a multidisciplinary framework of positive sexuality. Journal of Positive Sexuality, 1(1), 6–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, L. S., Branscum, P., Maness, S., Larson, D., Taylor, E. L., Mayeux, L., & Cheney, M. K. (2019). Parents’ beliefs of the black church’s role in teen pregnancy prevention. Journal of Adolescence, 72, 52–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.02.004

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyatt, G. E. (1997). Stolen women: Reclaiming our sexuality, taking back our lives. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The RISE2 Research team would like to acknowledge our community partners for all of their hard work and assistance during Phase 1 of the Big Sex Study: Tanya Bass, MEd, Ph.D., CHES, CSE, Robin Wilson Beattie, M. Nicole Coleman, Ph.D., Yarneccia Dyson, Ph.D., MSW, Tracie Gilbert, Ph.D., Jasmine Johnson, MSW, MA, LCSW, Omisade Burney-Scott, and Marla Renee Stewart, MSW.

Funding

The authors have no funding to disclose.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shemeka Thorpe.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Informed consent

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original version of this article was revised: The final word of the article title (“Messages”) was missing from the article as originally published.

The original version of this article was revised: In the 2nd sentence after the heading Results, participants’ age has been corrected to read “3 to 50” rather than “3 to 5”.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Thorpe, S., Peterson, R.L., Malone, N. et al. From Sin to Sexual Self-Awareness: Black Women’s Reflection on Lifetime Masturbation Messages. Arch Sex Behav 52, 1403–1415 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02473-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02473-7

Keywords

Navigation