Abstract
Little is known about how “reproductive orientation” (i.e., trying to get pregnant, ambivalent about pregnancy, trying to avoid pregnancy, or having had a sterilization surgery) is associated with sexual satisfaction among women of childbearing age. Using data from the National Survey of Fertility Barriers (N = 2811), we examined the association of reproductive orientation with sexual satisfaction, adjusting for relationship characteristics including union type (cohabitation versus marriage), quality, and length; infertility history; and demographic characteristics including age, parity, and race/ethnicity. Results indicated that women who were ambivalent or trying to get pregnant reported significantly higher levels of sexual satisfaction than women who were sterile in the unadjusted model, but not in the models that included relationship quality. The association of reproductive orientation and sexual satisfaction depended upon relationship quality; among women with lower relationship quality, “trying” was associated with higher, and among those with higher relationship quality, with lower sexual satisfaction.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abma, J. C., & Martinez, G. M. (2006). Childlessness among older women in the United States: Trends and profiles. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 1045–1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00312.x
Ahlborg, T., Dahlöf, L. G., & Hallberg, L. R. M. (2005). Quality of the intimate and sexual relationship in first-time parents six months after delivery. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 167–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490509552270
Barrientos, J. E., & Páez, D. (2006). Psychosocial variables of sexual satisfaction in Chile. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 32, 351–368. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230600834695
Birnbaum, G. E., Reis, H. T., Mikulincer, M., Gillath, O., & Orpaz, A. (2006). When sex is more than just sex: Attachment orientation, sexual experience, and relationship quality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 929–943. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.929
Brant, R. (1990). Assessing proportionality in the proportional odds model for ordinal logistic regression. Biometrics, 46, 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2532457
Butzer, B., & Campbell, L. (2008). Adult attachment, sexual satisfaction, and relationship satisfaction: A study of married couples. Personal Relationships, 15, 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2007.00189.x
Byers, E. S. (2005). Relationship satisfaction and sexual satisfaction: A longitudinal study of individuals in long-term relationships. Journal of Sex Research, 42, 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490509552264
Byers, E. S., & MacNeil, S. (2006). Further validation of the interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 32, 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230500232917
Call, V., Sprecher, S., & Schwartz, P. (1995). The incidence and frequency of marital sex in a national sample. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 32, 53–69. https://doi.org/10.2307/353919
Carpenter, L. M., Nathanson, C. A., & Kim, Y. J. (2009). Physical women, emotional men: Gender and sexual satisfaction in midlife. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9215-y
Comolli, C. L. (2017). The fertility response to the Great Recession in Europe and the United States: Structural economic conditions and perceived economic uncertainty. Demographic Research, 36, 1549–1600. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2017.36.51
Daniels, K., Daugherty, J. D., & Jones, J. (2014). Current contraceptive status among women aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013. NCHS Data Brief, No. 173, 1–8.
De Judicibus, M. A., & McCabe, M. P. (2002). Psychological factors and the sexuality of pregnant and postpartum women. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552128
Dundon, C. M., & Rellini, A. H. (2010). More than sexual function: Predictors of sexual satisfaction in a sample of women age 40–70. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 7, 896–904. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01557.x
Fehniger, J. E., Brown, J. S., Creasman, J. M., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Thom, D. H., Subak, L. L., & Huang, A. J. (2013). Childbirth and female sexual function later in life. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 122, 988–997. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0b013e3182a7f3fc
Greil, A. L. (1991). Not yet pregnant: Infertile couples in contemporary America. Rutgers University Press.
Greil, A. L., McQuillan, J., Lowry, M., & Shreffler, K. M. (2011). Infertility treatment and fertility-specific distress: A longitudinal analysis of a population-based sample of US women. Social Science & Medicine, 73, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.04.023
Heiman, J. R., Long, J. S., Smith, S. N., Risher, W. A., Sand, M. S., & Rosen, R. C. (2011). Sexual satisfaction and relationship happiness in midlife and older couples in five countries. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 741–753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-010-9703-3
Henderson, A. W., Lehavot, K., & Simoni, J. M. (2009). Ecological models of sexual satisfaction among lesbian/bisexual and heterosexual women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 50–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9384-3
Henderson-King, D. H., & Veroff, J. (1994). Sexual satisfaction and marital wellbeing in the first years of marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11, 509–534. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594114002
Higgins, J. A., Hoffman, S., Graham, C. A., & Sanders, S. A. (2008). Relationships between condoms, hormonal methods, and sexual pleasure and satisfaction: An exploratory analysis from the Women’s Well-Being and Sexuality Study. Sexual Health, 5, 321–330. https://doi.org/10.1071/sh08021
Higgins, J. A., Mullinax, M., Trussell, J., Davidson (Sr.), K., & Moore, N. B. (2011). Sexual satisfaction and sexual health among university students in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 101, 1643–1654. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300154
Johnson, D.R., McQuillan, J., Jacob, M. C., Greil, A. L., Lacy, N., Scheuble, L. K., Johnson, K., Shreffler, K., & Young, R. (2009). National survey of fertility barriers: Methodology report for wave 1. National Survey of Fertility Barriers–Working Papers Series. Paper 1. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nsfbworking/1
Jose, O., & Alfons, V. (2007). Do demographics affect marital satisfaction? Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 33, 73–85.
Kedzior, S. G., Bioco-Miotto, T., Breen, J., Diener, K. R., Donnelley, M., Dunning, K. R., Penno, M. A., Schjenken, J. E., Sharkley, D. J., Hodyl, N. A., & Fullston, T. (2019). It takes a community to conceive: An analysis of the scope, nature and accuracy of online sources of health information for couples trying to conceive. Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online, 9, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230600998573
Keeter, S., Kennedy, C., Dimock, M., Best, J., & Craighill, P. (2006). Gauging the impact of growing nonresponse on estimates from a national RDD telephone survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70, 125–148. https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfl035
Lau, J. T. F., Kim, J. H., & Tsui, H. Y. (2005). Prevalence of male and female sexual problems, perceptions related to sex and association with quality of life in a Chinese population: A population-based study. International Journal of Impotence Research, 17, 494–505. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901342
Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practices in the United States. University of Chicago Press.
Lawrance, K. A., & Byers, E. S. (1995). Sexual satisfaction in long-term heterosexual relationships: The interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 2, 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.1995.tb00092.x
Litzinger, S., & Gordon, K. C. (2005). Exploring relationships among communication, sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 31, 409–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926230591006719
Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2005). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (2nd ed.). Stata Press.
Liu, C. (2003). Does quality of sex decline with duration? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 55–60. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1021893329377
Luk, B. H. K., & Loke, A. Y. (2015). The impact of infertility on the psychological well-being, marital relationships, sexual relationships, and quality of life of couples: A systematic review. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41, 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2014.958789
Luk, B. H. K., & Loke, A. Y. (2019). Action, intimacy, and relationship of couples undergoing fertility treatment. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 37, 108–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2018.1529407
McCall-Hosenfeld, J. S., Freund, K. M., Legault, C., Jaramillo, S. A., Cochrane, B. B., Manson, J. E., Wenger, N. K., Eaton, C. B., McNeeley, S. G., Rodriguez, B. L., & Bonds, D. (2008). Sexual satisfaction and cardiovascular disease: The women’s health initiative. American Journal of Medicine, 121, 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.11.013
McCarty, C., House, M., Harman, J., & Richards, S. (2006). Effort in phone survey response rates: The effects of vendor and client-controlled factors. Field Methods, 18, 172–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05282259
McNulty, J. K., Wenner, C. A., & Fisher, T. D. (2016). Longitudinal associations among relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sex in early marriage. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0444-6
McQuillan, J., Greil, A. L., & Shreffler, K. M. (2011). Pregnancy intentions among women who do not try: Focusing on women who are okay either way. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 15, 178–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-010-0604-9
Miller, W. B. (1986). Proception: An important fertility behavior. Demography, 23, 579–594. https://doi.org/10.2307/2061352
Miller, W. B., & Pasta, D. J. (1995). Behavioral intentions: Which ones predict fertility behavior in married couples? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 530–555. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1995.tb01766.x
Millheiser, L. S., Helmer, A. E., Quintero, R. B., Westphal, L. M., Milki, A. A., & Lathi, R. B. (2010). Is infertility a risk factor for female sexual dysfunction? A case-control study. Fertility and Sterility, 94, 2022–2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.01.037
Nakic Rados, S., Soljacic Vranes, H., Tomic, J., & Kuna, K. (2020). Infertility-related stress and sexual satisfaction: A dyadic approach. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2020.1752658
Parish, W. L., Luo, Y., Stolzenberg, R., Laumann, E. O., Farrer, G., & Pan, S. (2007). Sexual practices and sexual satisfaction: A population based study of Chinese urban adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9082-y
Philippov, D., Liefbroer, A., & Klobas, J. (Eds.). (2015). Reproductive decision-making in a macro-micro perspective. Springer.
Piva, I., Lo Monte, G., Graziano, A., & Marci, R. (2014). A literature review on the relationship between infertility and sexual dysfunction: Does fun end with baby making? European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care, 19, 231–237. https://doi.org/10.3109/13625187.2014.919379
Rainer, H., & Smith, I. (2012). Education, communication and wellbeing: An application to sexual satisfaction. Kyklos, 65, 581–591. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12007
Sabatini, R., & Cagiano, R. (2006). Comparison profiles of cycle control, side effects and sexual satisfaction of three hormonal contraceptives. Contraception, 74, 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.contraception.2006.03.022
Sánchez-Fuentes, M. D. M., Santos-Iglesias, P., & Sierra, J. C. (2014). A systematic review of sexual satisfaction. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14, 67–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1697-2600(14)70038-9
Santelli, J. S., Lindberg, L. D., Orr, M. G., Finer, L. B., & Speizer, I. (2009). Toward a multidimensional measure of pregnancy intentions: Evidence from the United States. Studies in Family Planning, 40, 87–100. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4465.2009.00192.x
Schoenfeld, E. A., Loving, T. J., Pope, M. T., Huston, T. L., & Štulhofer, A. (2017). Does sex really matter? Examining the connections between spouses’ nonsexual behaviors, sexual frequency, sexual satisfaction, and marital satisfaction. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 489–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0672-4
Segraves, R. T., & Segraves, K. B. (1995). Human sexuality and aging. Journal of Sex Education and Therapy, 21, 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1995.11074140
Shreffler, K. M., Greil, A. L., & McQuillan, J. (2017). Responding to infertility: Lessons from a growing body of research and suggested guidelines for practice. Family Relations, 66, 644–658. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12281
Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (1986). Sexual scripts: Permanence and change. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 15, 97–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542219
Sprecher, S. (2002). Sexual satisfaction in premarital relationships: associations with love, commitment, and stability. Journal of Sex Research, 39, 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552141
Stanford, J. B., White, G. L., & Hatasaka, H. (2002). Timing intercourse to achieve pregnancy: Current evidence. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 100, 1333–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7844(02)02382-7
Sweeney, M. M. (2010). The reproductive context of cohabitation in the United States: Recent change and variation in contraceptive use. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 1155–1170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00756.x
Swidler, A. (1986). Culture in action: Symbols and strategies. American Sociological Review, 51, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095521
Testa, M. R., Cavalli, L., & Rosina, A. (2014). The effect of couple disagreement about child-timing intentions: A parity-specific approach. Population and Development Review, 41, 31–53. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/197851
Tomic, D., Gallicchio, L., Whiteman, M. K., Lewis, L. M., Langenberg, P., & Flaws, J. A. (2006). Factors associated with determinants of sexual functioning in midlife women. Maturitas, 53, 144–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2005.03.006
Twenge, J. M., Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2003). Parenthood and marital satisfaction: a meta-analytic review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 65, 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00574.x
Velten, J., & Margraf, J. (2017). Satisfaction guaranteed? How individual, partner and relationship factors impact sexual satisfaction within partnerships. PLoS ONE, 12, e0172855.
Waite, L. J., & Joyner, K. (2001). Emotional satisfaction and physical pleasure in sexual unions: time horizon, sexual behavior, and sexual exclusivity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 247–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00247.x
Wiederman, M. W. (2005). The gendered nature of sexual scripts. The Family Journal, 13, 496–502. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480705278729
Wiederman, M. W. (2015). Sexual script theory: Past, present, and future. In J. DeLamater & R. F. Plante (Eds.), Handbook of the sociology of sexualities (pp. 7–22). Springer.
Young, M., Denny, G., Young, T., & Luquis, R. (2000). Sexual satisfaction among married women. American Journal of Health Studies, 16, 73–84.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Institutes of Health [grant numbers R01-HD044144, P20GM109097]. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the National Institutes of Health.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interests.
Ethical Approval
The authors assert that all procedures contributing to this work comply with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees on human experimentation and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shreffler, K.M., Gibbs, L., Tiemeyer, S. et al. Is Reproductive Orientation Associated with Sexual Satisfaction Among Partnered U.S. Women?. Arch Sex Behav 50, 2459–2469 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01984-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-021-01984-z