Abstract
This paper investigates the associations between stress and fatigue and sexual spontaneity among heterosexual married couples in Singapore, a high-income society with high work performance expectations and long working hours. Data on self-reported menstrual dates, sexual activity within the marriage, and stress and fatigue levels were collected from 657 married women aged 25–34 years through biweekly online diaries over 14 weeks. Using a two-way fixed effects logistic model which controlled for time-invariant individual fixed effects and menstrual cycle fixed effects, the paper tests three hypotheses: (1) sexual activity is significantly lower on weekdays compared to weekends and public holidays, (2) sexual activity is significantly lower during periods when women reported higher stress and fatigue, and (3) stress and fatigue are more predictive of sexual activity during weekdays than during weekends. Frequencies of marital sexual intercourse during the diary keeping period were 3.69 and 2.55 per 30 days among women aged 25–29 and 30–34 years, respectively, much lower than ideal frequencies of 6.40 and 5.23. Consistent with all three hypotheses, there was a strong positive weekend effect and a weak but positive public holiday effect, and strong negative effects of both stress and fatigue, especially during weekdays. There was no evidence of compensatory sex on weekends to make up for hectic workweeks. Increased support for work-life balance can contribute to more spontaneous marital sex lives and may reduce underachievement of ideals for sexual intimacy and childbearing in Singapore.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aryee, S. (1993). Dual-earner couples in Singapore: An examination of work and nonwork sources of their experienced burnout. Human Relations, 46(12), 1441–1468.
Blazquez, A., Ruiz, E., Aliste, L., García-Quintana, A., & Alegre, J. (2015). The effect of fatigue and fibromyalgia on sexual dysfunction in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 41(1), 1–10.
Bodenmann, G., Atkins, D. C., Schar, M., & Poffet, V. (2010). The association between daily stress and sexual activity. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(3), 271–279.
Bongaarts, J. (1983). The proximate determinants of natural marital fertility. In R. A. Bulatao, R. D. Lee, P. E. Hollerbach, & J. Bongaarts (Eds.), Determinants of fertility in developing countries: A summary of knowledge (pp. 103–138). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Brewis, A., & Meyer, M. (2005). Marital coitus across the life course. Journal of Biosocial Science, 37(4), 499–518.
Call, V., Sprecher, S., & Schwartz, P. (1995). The incidence and frequency of marital sex in a national sample. Journal of Marriage and Family, 57(3), 639–652.
Carlson, D. L., Miller, A. J., Sassler, S., & Hanson, S. (2016). The gendered division of housework and couples’ sexual relationships: A reexamination. Journal of Marriage and Family, 78(4), 975–995.
Caruso, S., Agnello, C., Malandrino, C., Lo Presti, L., Cicero, C., & Cianci, S. (2014). Do hormones influence women's sex? Sexual activity over the menstrual cycle. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11(1), 211–221.
Chan, K. B., Lai, G., Ko, Y. C., & Boey, K. W. (2000). Work stress among six professional groups: The Singapore experience. Social Science and Medicine, 50(10), 1415–1432.
Cigna Asia Care Group. (2019). Chronic stress: Are we reaching health system burnout? https://www.cigna.com.sg/stressed-out
Durex. (2005). Give and receive: Durex Global Sex Survey results. https://www.data360.org/pdf/20070416064139.Global%2520Sex%2520Survey.pdf
Evans, A. (2016). Flexible Working Practices Survey: Singapore’s work-life balance improving—Increased flexibility is having a positive impact while overtime is highly productive [Press release]. Retrieved from https://www.morganmckinley.com.sg/article/flexible-working-practices-survey-singapore-s-work-life-balance-improving-increased
Fenster, L., Waller, K., Chen, J., Hubbard, A. E., Windham, G. C., Elkin, E., et al. (1999). Psychological stress in the workplace and menstrual function. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(2), 127–134.
Frejka, T., Jones, G. W., & Sardon, J. P. (2010). East Asian childbearing patterns and policy developments. Population and Development Review, 36(3), 579–606.
Ghuman, S. (2005). Attitudes about sex and marital sexual behavior in Hai Duong Province. Vietnam. Studies in Family Planning, 36(2), 95–106.
Glionna, J. M. (2006, 23 November). Doctor Love is trying to make Singapore sexy. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/
Goh, V. H., Tain, C. F., Tong, Y. Y., Mok, P. P., & Ng, S. C. (2004). Sex and aging in the city: Singapore. Aging Male, 7(3), 219–226.
Hamilton, L. D., & Meston, C. M. (2013). Chronic stress and sexual function in women. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(10), 2443–2454.
Harlow, S. D., & Matanoski, G. M. (1991). The association between weight, physical activity, and stress and variation in the length of the menstrual cycle. American Journal of Epidemiology, 133(1), 38–49.
Hartnett, C. S., & Margolis, R. (2019). Births that are later-than-desired: Correlates and consequences. Population Research and Policy Review, 38(4), 483–505.
Hjollund, N. H. I., Jensen, T. K., Bonde, J. P. E., Henriksen, T. B., Andersson, A.-M., Kolstad, H. A., et al. (1999). Distress and reduced fertility: A follow-up study of first-pregnancy planners. Fertility and Sterility, 72(1), 47–53.
Howards, P. P., Schisterman, E. F., Wactawski-Wende, J., Reschke, J. E., Frazer, A. A., & Hovey, K. M. (2009). Timing clinic visits to phases of the menstrual cycle by using a fertility monitor: The BioCycle Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 169(1), 105–112.
Kornrich, S., Brines, J., & Leupp, K. (2013). Egalitarianism, housework, and sexual frequency in marriage. American Sociological Review, 78(1), 26–50.
Louis, G. M., Lum, K. J., Sundaram, R., Chen, Z., Kim, S., Lynch, C. D., et al. (2011). Stress reduces conception probabilities across the fertile window: Evidence in support of relaxation. Fertility and Sterility, 95(7), 2184–2189.
Lynch, C. D., Sundaram, R., Buck Louis, G. M., Lum, K. J., & Pyper, C. (2012). Are increased levels of self-reported psychosocial stress, anxiety, and depression associated with fecundity? Fertility and Sterility, 98(2), 453–458.
Lynch, K. E., Mumford, S. L., Schliep, K. C., Whitcomb, B. W., Zarek, S. M., Pollack, A. Z., et al. (2014). Assessment of anovulation in eumenorrheic women: Comparison of ovulation detection algorithms. Fertility and Sterility, 102(2), 511–518.
Mills, M., Rindfuss, R. R., McDonald, P., te Velde, E., & ESHRE Reproduction and Society Task Force. (2011). Why do people postpone parenthood? Reasons and social policy incentives. Human Reproduction Update, 17(6), 848–860.
Ministry of Manpower. (2020). Public holidays: Entitlement and pay Retrieved from https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/public-holidays-entitlement-and-pay
Monk, T. H., Buysse, D. J., Rose, L. R., Hall, J. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2000). The sleep of healthy people—A diary study. Chronobiology International, 17(1), 49–60.
Rao, K. V., & Demaris, A. (1995). Coital frequency among married and cohabiting couples in the United States. Journal of Biosocial Science, 27(2), 135–150.
Schliep, K. C., Mumford, S. L., Vladutiu, C. J., Ahrens, K. A., Perkins, N. J., Sjaarda, L. A., et al. (2015). Perceived stress, reproductive hormones, and ovulatory function: A prospective cohort study. Epidemiology, 26(2), 177–184.
Smith, A., Lyons, A., Ferris, J., Richters, J., Pitts, M., Shelley, J., et al. (2011). Sexual and relationship satisfaction among heterosexual men and women: The importance of desired frequency of sex. Journal of Sex of Marital Therapy, 37(2), 104–115.
Štulhofer, A., Træen, B., & Carvalheira, A. (2013). Job-related strain and sexual health difficulties among heterosexual men from three European countries: The role of culture and emotional support. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(3), 747–756.
Teng, A. (2019, July 4). Most newlyweds in Singapore want to have babies, but are not planning ahead: Survey. Straits Times. Retrieved from https://www.straitstimes.com
Ter Kuile, M. M., Vigeveno, D., & Laan, E. (2007). Preliminary evidence that acute and chronic daily psychological stress affect sexual arousal in sexually functional women. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(9), 2078–2089.
Thirlaway, K., Fallowfield, L., & Cuzick, J. (1996). The Sexual Activity Questionnaire: A measure of women's sexual functioning. Quality of Life Research, 5(1), 81–90.
van Oppenraaij, R. H. F., Eilers, P. H. C., Willemsen, S. P., van Dunné, F. M., Exalto, N., & Steegers, E. A. P. (2015). Determinants of number-specific recall error of last menstrual period: A retrospective cohort study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 122(6), 835–841.
Wegienka, G., & Baird, D. D. (2005). A comparison of recalled date of last menstrual period with prospectively recorded dates. Journal of Women's Health, 14(3), 248–252.
Wilcox, A. J., Baird, D. D., Dunson, D. B., McConnaughey, D. R., Kesner, J. S., & Weinberg, C. R. (2004). On the frequency of intercourse around ovulation: Evidence for biological influences. Human Reproduction, 19(7), 1539–1543.
Wilcox, A. J., Weinberg, C. R., & Baird, D. D. (1995). Timing of sexual intercourse in relation to ovulation. Effects on the probability of conception, survival of the pregnancy, and sex of the baby. New England Journal of Medicine, 333(23), 1517–1521.
Wong, T., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2012). Fertility and the family: An overview of pro-natalist population policies in Singapore. https://www.academia.edu/28668487/Fertility_and_the_family_an_overview_of_pro_natalist_population_policies_in_Singapore
Wylie, K. (2009). A global survey of sexual behaviours. Journal of Family and Reproductive Health, 3(2), 39–49.
Funding
This project was supported by the Start-Up Grant from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore [R-603-000-190-133]. The sponsor had no involvement in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the articles; and in the decision to submit it for publication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Ethics Approval
The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the National University of Singapore (Ethics Approval Number: N-17–048).
Consent to Participate
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tan, P.L. Stress, Fatigue, and Sexual Spontaneity Among Married Couples in a High-Stress Society: Evidence from Sex Diary Data from Singapore. Arch Sex Behav 50, 2579–2588 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01848-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01848-y