Psychosocial Health Disparities Among Black Bisexual Men in the U.S.: Effects of Sexuality Nondisclosure and Gay Community Support

Friedman, M. Reuel; Bukowski, Leigh; Eaton, Lisa A.; Matthews, Derrick D.; Dyer, Typhanye V.; Siconolfi, Dan; Stall, Ron

doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1162-2

Special Section: Bisexual Health
Published: 05 April 2018

Psychosocial Health Disparities Among Black Bisexual Men in the U.S.: Effects of Sexuality Nondisclosure and Gay Community Support

M. Reuel Friedman ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-6191-9799^1,2,
Leigh Bukowski^2,3,
Lisa A. Eaton⁴,
Derrick D. Matthews^1,2,
Typhanye V. Dyer⁵,
Dan Siconolfi⁶ &
Ron Stall^2,3

Archives of Sexual Behavior volume 48, pages 213–224 (2019)Cite this article

1847 Accesses
26 Citations
13 Altmetric
Metrics details

Abstract

Compared with Black gay men, Black bisexual men experience psychosocial health disparities, including depression, polydrug use, physical assault, and intimate partner violence (IPV). Black bisexual men are also less likely to disclose their sexuality, which may result in them receiving less sexual minority community support, exacerbating psychosocial health disparities. We assessed relationships between bisexual behavior, bisexual identity, sexuality nondisclosure, gay community support, and psychosocial morbidities among Black men who have sex with men (MSM). Between 2014 and 2017, survey data were collected from Black MSM ≥ 18 years old (n = 4430) at Black Pride events in six U.S. cities. We differentiated between bisexual-identified men reporting past-year sex with men and women (bisexual MSMW, 8.4%); gay-identified men reporting sex with men only (gay MSMO, 73.1%); gay MSMW (8.0%); and bisexual MSMO (8.4%). Multivariable regressions contrasted these groups by psychosocial morbidities, sexuality nondisclosure, and gay community support. Structural equation models assessed total, direct, and indirect effects. Compared with gay MSMO, bisexual MSMW and gay MSMW were significantly more likely to report polydrug use, depression symptoms, IPV, physical assault, sexuality nondisclosure, and lack of gay community support. Lack of gay community support had significant indirect effects on the relationships between bisexual behavior and psychosocial morbidity (p < .001) and between bisexual identity and psychosocial morbidity (p < .001). Sexuality nondisclosure had significant indirect effects on relationships between bisexual behavior (p < .001), bisexual identity (p < .001), and lack of gay community support. Psychosocial health disparities experienced by Black bisexual men are associated with both bisexual behavior and bisexual identity. Interventions decreasing biphobia will facilitate opportunities for protective sexuality disclosure and access to sexual minority community support.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994). Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 10, 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(81)90008-6.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173.
Article Google Scholar
Bernstein, K. T., Liu, K. L., Begier, E. M., Koblin, B., Karpati, A., & Murrill, C. (2008). Same-sex attraction disclosure to health care providers among New York City men who have sex with men: implications for HIV testing approaches. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168(13), 1458–1464. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.13.1458.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Binson, D., Michaels, S., Stall, R., Coates, T. J., Gagnon, J. H., & Catania, J. A. (1995). Prevalence and social distribution of men who have sex with men: United States and its urban centers. Journal of Sex Research, 32(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499509551795.
Article Google Scholar
Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 468–475. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.152942.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bowleg, L. (2013). Once you’ve blended the cake, you can’t take the parts back to the main ingredients: Black gay and bisexual men’s descriptions and experiences of intersectionality. Sex Roles, 68, 754–767. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0152-4.
Article Google Scholar
Dodge, B., Jeffries, W. L., William, L., & Sandfort, T. G. M. (2008). Beyond the down low: Sexual risk, protection, and disclosure among at-risk black men who have sex with both men and women (MSMW). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(5), 683–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9356-7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dodge, B., Sandfort, T. G. M., & Firestein, B. (2007). A review of mental health research on bisexual individuals when compared to homosexual and heterosexual individuals. In B. A. Firestein (Ed.), Becoming visible: Counseling bisexuals across the lifespan (pp. 28–51). New York: Columbia University Press.
Google Scholar
Dodge, B., Schnarrs, P. W., Reece, M., Goncalves, G., Martinez, O., Nix, R., … Murray, M. (2012a). Community involvement among behaviourally bisexual men in the Midwestern USA: Experiences and perceptions across communities. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 14(9), 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2012.721136.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Dodge, B., Schnarrs, P. W., Reece, M., Martinez, O., Goncalves, G., Malebranche, D., … Nix, R. (2012b). Individual and social factors related to mental health concerns among bisexual men in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Bisexuality, 12(2), 223–245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2012.674862.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dyer, T. P., Regan, R., Pacek, L. R., Acheampong, A., & Khan, M. R. (2015). Psychosocial vulnerability and HIV-related sexual risk among men who have sex with men and women in the United States. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(2), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0346-7.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Dyer, T. P., Regan, R., Wilton, L., Harawa, N. T., Wang, L., & Shoptaw, S. (2013). Differences in substance use, psychosocial characteristics and HIV-related sexual risk behavior between Black men who have sex with men only (BMSMO) and Black men who have sex with men and women (BMSMW) in six US cities. Journal of Urban Health, 90(6), 1181–1193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-013-9811-1.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Eisenberg, M. E., & Resnick, M. D. (2006). Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), 662–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.04.024.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ford, C. L., Whetten, K. D., Hall, S. A., Kaufman, J. S., & Thrasher, A. D. (2007). Black sexuality, social construction, and research targeting ‘The Down Low’(‘The DL’). Annals of Epidemiology, 17(3), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.09.006.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Shiu, C., Bryan, A. E., Goldsen, J., & Kim, H.-J. (2017). Health equity and aging of bisexual older adults: Pathways of risk and resilience. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 72, 468–478. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw120.
Article Google Scholar
Friedman, M. R., Coulter, R. W., Silvestre, A. J., Stall, R., Teplin, L., Shoptaw, S., … Plankey, M. W. (2017a). Someone to count on: Social support as an effect modifier of viral load suppression in a prospective cohort study. AIDS Care, 29, 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1211614.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Friedman, M. R., & Dodge, B. M. (2016). The role of syndemic in explaining health disparities among bisexual men: A blueprint for a theoretically informed perspective. In E. R. Wright & N. Carnes (Eds.), Understanding the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States (pp. 71–98). Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34004-3_4.
Chapter Google Scholar
Friedman, M. R., Dodge, B., Schick, V., Herbenick, D., Hubach, R. D., Bowling, J., … Reece, M. (2014a). From bias to bisexual health disparities: Attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. LGBT Health, 1(4), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2014.0005.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Friedman, M. R., Kurtz, S. P., Buttram, M. E., Wei, C., Silvestre, A. J., & Stall, R. (2014b). HIV risk among substance-using men who have sex with men and women (MSMW): Findings from South Florida. AIDS and Behavior, 18(1), 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0495-z.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Friedman, M. R., Stall, R., Plankey, M., Shoptaw, S., Herrick, A. L., Surkan, P. J., … Silvestre, A. J. (2017b). Stability of bisexual behavior and extent of viral bridging behavior among men who have sex with men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 903–912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0863-7.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Friedman, M. R., Stall, R., Silvestre, A. J., Mustanski, B., Shoptaw, S., Surkan, P. J., … Plankey, M. W. (2014c). Stuck in the middle: Longitudinal HIV-related health disparities among men who have sex with men and women. JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 66(2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000000143.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Goodenow, C., Netherland, J., & Szalacha, L. (2002). AIDS-related risk among adolescent males who have sex with males, females, or both: Evidence from a statewide survey. American Journal of Public Health, 92(2), 203–210. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.2.203.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hammer, G. P., Kellogg, T. A., McFarland, W. C., Wong, E., Louie, B., Williams, I., … Klausner, J. D. (2003). Low incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among sexually active non-intravenous drug-using adults, San Francisco, 1997–2000. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 30(12), 919–924. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.OLQ.0000091152.31366.E6.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F. (2009). Beyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium. Communication Monographs, 76(4), 408–420. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750903310360.
Article Google Scholar
Herek, G. M. (2002). Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the United States. Journal of Sex Research, 39(4), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490209552150.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Herrick, A. L., Lim, S. H., Plankey, M. W., Chmiel, J. S., Guadamuz, T. T., Kao, U., … Stall, R. (2013). Adversity and syndemic production among men participating in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study: A life-course approach. American Journal of Public Health, 103(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300810.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424–453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424.
Article Google Scholar
Hull, S. J., Davis, C. R., Hollander, G., Gasiorowicz, M., Jeffries, W. L., William, L., … Mohr, A. (2017). Evaluation of the acceptance journeys social marketing campaign to reduce homophobia. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 173–179. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2016.303528.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hull, S. J., Gasiorowicz, M., Hollander, G., & Short, K. (2013). Using theory to inform practice: The role of formative research in the construction and implementation of the acceptance journeys social marketing campaign to reduce homophobia. Social Marketing Quarterly, 19(3), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524500413496717.
Article Google Scholar
Jeffries, W. L. (2014). Beyond the bisexual bridge: Sexual health among US men who have sex with men and women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47(3), 320–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.05.002.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Jeffries, W. L., & Dodge, B. (2007). Male bisexuality and condom use at last sexual encounter: Results from a national survey. Journal of Sex Research, 44(3), 278–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490701443973.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Kalichman, S. C., Roffman, R. A., Picciano, J. F., & Bolan, M. (1998). Risk for HIV infection among bisexual men seeking HIV-prevention services and risks posed to their female partners. Health Psychology, 17(4), 320–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.17.4.320.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Latkin, C., Yang, C., Tobin, K., Penniman, T., Patterson, J., & Spikes, P. (2011). Differences in the social networks of African American men who have sex with men only and those who have sex with men and women. American Journal of Public Health, 101(10), e18–e23. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300281.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Malebranche, D. J. (2008). Bisexually active Black men in the United States and HIV: Acknowledging more than the “Down Low”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(5), 810–816. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9364-7.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Malebranche, D. J., Arriola, K. J., Jenkins, T. R., Dauria, E., & Patel, S. N. (2010). Exploring the “bisexual bridge”: A qualitative study of risk behavior and disclosure of same-sex behavior among Black bisexual men. American Journal of Public Health, 100(1), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.158725.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Matthews, D. D., Blosnich, J. R., Farmer, G. W., & Adams, B. J. (2014). Operational definitions of sexual orientation and estimates of adolescent health risk behaviors. LGBT Health, 1(1), 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2013.0002.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Maulsby, C., Sifakis, F., German, D., Flynn, C. P., & Holtgrave, D. (2012). Partner characteristics and undiagnosed HIV seropositivity among men who have sex with men only (MSMO) and men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) in Baltimore. AIDS and Behavior, 16(3), 543–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0046-4.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Bostwick, W. B., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2009). Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance dependence in the United States. Addiction, 104(8), 1333–1345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02596.x.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
McKirnan, D. J., Stokes, J. P., Doll, L., & Burzette, R. G. (1995). Bisexually active men: Social characteristics and sexual behavior. Journal of Sex Research, 32(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499509551775.
Article Google Scholar
McLean, K. (2001). Living life in the double closet: Bisexual youth speak out. Hecate, 27(1), 109–118.
Google Scholar
Millett, G., Malebranche, D., Mason, B., & Spikes, P. (2005). Focusing “down low”: Bisexual black men, HIV risk and heterosexual transmission. Journal of the National Medical Association, 97(7 Suppl.), 52S–59S.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Myers, H. F., Satz, P., Miller, B. E., Bing, E. G., Evans, G., Richardson, M. A., … Mena, I. (1997). The African–American Health Project (AAHP): Study overview and select findings on high risk behaviors and psychiatric disorders in African American men. Ethnicity & Health, 2(3), 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.1997.9961827.
Article Google Scholar
O’Leary, A., Purcell, D. W., Remien, R. H., Fisher, H. E., & Spikes, P. S. (2007). Characteristics of bisexually active men in the Seropositive Urban Mens’ Study (SUMS). AIDS Care, 19(7), 940–946. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120701211454.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Operario, D., Smith, C. D., Arnold, E., & Kegeles, S. (2010). The Bruthas Project: Evaluation of a community-based HIV prevention intervention for African American men who have sex with men and women. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2010.22.1.37.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pathela, P., & Schillinger, J. A. (2010). Sexual behaviors and sexual violence: Adolescents with opposite-, same-, or both-sex partners. Pediatrics, 126(5), 879–886. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0396.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Raymond, H. F., & McFarland, W. (2009). Racial mixing and HIV risk among men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 13(4), 630–637. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9574-6.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., & Eady, A. (2010). Perceived determinants of mental health for bisexual people: A qualitative examination. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 496–502. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.156307.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saleh, L. D., & Operario, D. (2009). Moving beyond “the down low”: A critical analysis of terminology guiding HIV prevention efforts for African American men who have secretive sex with men. Social Science and Medicine, 68(2), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.052.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Sattler, F. A., Wagner, U., & Christiansen, H. (2016). Effects of minority stress, group-level coping, and social support on mental health of German gay men. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0150562. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150562.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schrimshaw, E. W., Siegel, K., Jr, D., Martin, J., & Parsons, J. T. (2013). Disclosure and concealment of sexual orientation and the mental health of non-gay-identified, behaviorally bisexual men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81(1), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031272.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Shearer, K., Khosropour, C., Stephenson, R., & Sullivan, P. S. (2012). Do bisexual men tell their female partners about having male partners? Results from a national online HIV prevention survey in the United States. International Journal of Sexual Health, 24(3), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/19317611.2012.686965.
Article Google Scholar
Shoptaw, S., Weiss, R. E., Munjas, B., Hucks-Ortiz, C., Young, S. D., Larkins, S., … Gorbach, P. M. (2009). Homonegativity, substance use, sexual risk behaviors, and HIV status in poor and ethnic men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. Journal of Urban Health, 86(Suppl. 1), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-009-9372-5.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Solorio, R., Swendeman, D., & Rotheram-Borus, M. J. (2003). Risk among young gay and bisexual men living with HIV. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15(1 Suppl.), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1521/aeap.15.1.5.80.23610.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Spikes, P. S., Purcell, D. W., Williams, K. M., Chen, Y., Ding, H., & Sullivan, P. S. (2009). Sexual risk behaviors among HIV-positive black men who have sex with women, with men, or with men and women: Implications for intervention development. American Journal of Public Health, 99(6), 1072–1078. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2008.144030.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stall, R., Friedman, M., & Catania, J. A. (2008). Interacting epidemics and gay men’s health: A theory of syndemic production among urban gay men. In R. J. Wolitski, R. Stall, & R. O. Valdiserri (Eds.), Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States (pp. 251–274). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Ueno, K. (2005). Sexual orientation and psychological distress in adolescence: Examining interpersonal stressors and social support processes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68(3), 258–277. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800305.
Article Google Scholar
Walters, M. L., Chen, J., & Breiding, M. J. (2013). The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS): 2010 findings on victimization by sexual orientation. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 648(73), 6.
Wheeler, D. P., Lauby, J. L., Liu, K. L., Van Sluytman, L. G., & Murrill, C. (2008). A comparative analysis of sexual risk characteristics of Black men who have sex with men or with men and women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(5), 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9372-7.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Wilson, P. A. (2008). A dynamic-ecological model of identity formation and conflict among bisexually-behaving African–American men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(5), 794–809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9362-9.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Xia, Q., Osmond, D. H., Tholandi, M., Pollack, L. M., Zhou, W., Ruiz, J. D., & Catania, J. A. (2006). HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviors among men who have sex with men: Results from a statewide population-based survey in California. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 41(2), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qai.0000185574.98472.36.
Article PubMed Google Scholar
Zhao, X., Lynch, J., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1086/651257.
Article Google Scholar
Zinik, G. (1985). Identity conflict or adaptive flexibility? Bisexuality reconsidered. Journal of Homosexuality, 11(1–2), 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v11n01_02.
Article PubMed Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was partially supported by the National Institute for Nursing Research (R01NR013865) and (OTHER FUNDING SOURCES). We thank the Center for Black Equity and local Black Pride organizations for partnering with us to implement POWER, the community based organizations who performed onsite HIV testing on the study’s behalf, the thousands of study participants who volunteered their time to contribute to this research, and members of the POWER Study Team who made data collection possible. The local Black Pride organizations are as follows: D. C. Black Pride, Detroit’s Hotter than July, Houston Splash, In the Life Atlanta, Memphis Black Pride, and Philadelphia Black Pride. The community based organizations who performed onsite HIV testing are as follows: Atlanta: AID Atlanta, AIDS Health Care Foundation, NAESM; Detroit: Community Health Awareness Group, Horizons Project, Unified; Houston: Avenue 360, Houston AIDS Foundation, Positive Efforts; Memphis: Friends for Life; Philadelphia: Access Matters, Philadelphia FIGHT; Washington, DC: Us Helping Us. The members of POWER study team are as follows: Center for Black Equity: Earl D. Fowlkes, Jr., Michael S. Hinson, Jr.; Columbia University: Patrick A. Wilson; University of Connecticut: Lisa A. Eaton; Rutgers University: H. Fisher Raymond; University of Pittsburgh: Leigh A. Bukowski, Cristian J. Chandler, Derrick D. Matthews, Steven P. Meanley, Jordan M. Sang, and Ronald D. Stall. We also express our gratitude to the anonymous peer reviewers; the journal Editor, Dr. Kenneth Zucker; and the guest-editors, Drs. Wendy Bostwick and Brian Dodge, for spearheading this Special Issue.

Author information

Affiliations

Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PO Box 7319, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
M. Reuel Friedman & Derrick D. Matthews
Center for LGBT Health Research, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
M. Reuel Friedman, Leigh Bukowski, Derrick D. Matthews & Ron Stall
Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Leigh Bukowski & Ron Stall
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
Lisa A. Eaton
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Typhanye V. Dyer
RAND Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Dan Siconolfi

Authors

M. Reuel Friedman
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Leigh Bukowski
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Lisa A. Eaton
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Derrick D. Matthews
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Typhanye V. Dyer
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Dan Siconolfi
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
Ron Stall
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Reuel Friedman.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Friedman, M.R., Bukowski, L., Eaton, L.A. et al. Psychosocial Health Disparities Among Black Bisexual Men in the U.S.: Effects of Sexuality Nondisclosure and Gay Community Support. Arch Sex Behav 48, 213–224 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1162-2

Download citation

Received: 08 June 2017
Revised: 02 January 2018
Accepted: 25 January 2018
Published: 05 April 2018
Issue Date: January 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1162-2

Keywords

Male bisexuality
Black/African American
Psychosocial health
Social support
Sexuality disclosure
Sexual orientation