Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Sexual Perfectionism in Women: Not as Simple as Adaptive or Maladaptive

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

According to research and theory, the construct of perfectionism may apply to specific life domains, including being a perfect sexual partner. We extended the research on sexual perfectionism (SP) by examining the relationships between its various dimensions (i.e., self-directed, partner-directed, socially prescribed, partner-prescribed) and communication about sex, sexual functioning, and appearance self-consciousness during sex. Women (N = 208) of ages 19–50 were recruited online to respond to the Multidimensional Sexual Perfectionism Questionnaire and measures of communication about sex, sexual functioning, and physical appearance self-consciousness during sex. Dimensions of SP demonstrated a mixed pattern of relationships with measures of adaptive functioning. Partner-prescribed SP was related to greater appearance self-consciousness during sex, indicating an unfavorable role of this dimension of SP. An indirect effect of socially prescribed and partner-prescribed SP on sexual functioning through poor dyadic communication about sex and greater appearance self-consciousness was also found. Self-directed SP was less clearly problematic and uniquely related to better dyadic communication, whereas partner-directed SP was uniquely related to fewer concerns about the body appearance during sex. In conclusion, with respect to personal functioning, higher standards directed towards sexual partners may be less problematic but perceptions that romantic partners expect one to be a perfect sexual partner may have deleterious effects. Overall, SP may relate to sexual experiences of women beyond the college-age group with some aspects of SP being more problematic than others.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alvarez, C., & Villarruel, A. (2015). Association of gender norms, relationship and intrapersonal variables, and acculturation with sexual communication among young adult Latinos. Research in Nursing & Health, 38, 121–132. doi:10.1002/nur.21645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boone, L., Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M., & Braet, C. (2012). Is there a perfectionist in each of us? An experimental study on perfectionism and eating disorder symptoms. Appetite, 59, 531–540. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.06.015.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brotto, L. A., & Heiman, J. R. (2007). Mindfulness in sex therapy: Applications for women with sexual difficulties following gynecologic cancer. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 22, 3–11. doi:10.1080/14681990601153298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. F., Maikkula, C. L., & Yamamiya, Y. (2004). Baring the body in the bedroom: Body image, sexual self-schemas, and sexual functioning among college women and men. Electronic Journal of Human Sexuality, 7, 1–9. Retrieved from http://www.ejhs.org/volume7/bodyimage.html.

  • Catania, J. A. (1998). Dyadic Sexual Communication Scale. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (2nd ed., pp. 129–131). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B. J., Enns, M. W., & Clara, I. P. (2002). The multidimensional structure of perfectionism in clinically distressed college student samples. Psychological Assessment, 14, 365–373. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.3.365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DiBartolo, P. M., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Perfectionism, marital satisfaction, and contributing factors to sexual dysfunction in men with erectile disorder and their spouses. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 581–588. doi:10.1007/BF02437840.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dove, N. L., & Wiederman, M. W. (2000). Cognitive distraction and women’s sexual functioning. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26, 67–78. doi:10.1080/009262300278650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkley, D. M., Blankstein, K. R., Zuroff, D. C., Lecce, S., & Hui, D. (2006). Self-critical and personal standards factors of perfectionism located within the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 409–420. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2005.07.020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunning, D., Heath, C., & Suls, J. M. (2004). Flawed self-assessment: Implications for health, education, and the workplace. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 69–106. doi:10.1111/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Blankstein, K. R., Hewitt, P. L., & Koledin, S. (1992). Components of perfectionism and procrastination in college students. Social Behavior & Personality, 20, 85–94. doi:10.2444/sbp.1992.20.2.85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Blankstein, K., & O’Brien, S. (1991). Perfectionism and learned resourcefulness in depression and self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 12, 61–68. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(91)90132-U.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & De Rosa, T. (1996). Dimensions of perfectionisms, psychosocial adjustment, and social skills. Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 143–150. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(95)00170-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., & Heisel, M. J. (2014). The destructiveness of perfectionism revisited: Implications for the assessment of suicide risk and the prevention of suicide. Review of General Psychyology, 18, 156–172. doi:10.1037/gpr0000011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flett, G. L., Hewitt, P. L., Shapiro, B., & Rayman, J. (2001). Perfectionism, beliefs, and adjustment in dating relationships. Current Psychology, 20, 289–311. doi:10.1007/s12144-001-1013-4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frost, R. O., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., Mattia, J. I., & Neubauer, A. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 119–126. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90181-s.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habke, A. M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1999). Perfectionism and sexual satisfaction in intimate relationships. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 21, 307–322. doi:10.1023/A:1022168715349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haring, M., Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (2003). Perfectionism, coping, and quality of intimate relationships. Journal of Marriage & Family Therapy, 65, 143–158. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00143.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1991). Perfectionism in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psychopathology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 456–470. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.3.456.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Ediger, E. (1996). Perfectionism and depression: Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 276–280. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Weber, C. (1994). Dimensions of perfectionism and suicide ideation. Cognitive Therapy & Research, 18, 439–460. doi:10.1007/BF02357753.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurlbert, D. F. (1991). The role of assertiveness in female sexuality: A comparative study between sexually assertive and sexually nonassertive women. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 17, 183–190. doi:10.1080/00926239108404342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaestle, C. E., & Halpern, C. T. (2007). What’s love got to do with it? Sexual behaviors of opposite-sex couples through emerging adulthood. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 39, 134–140. doi:10.1363/3913407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lear, D. (1995). Sexual communication in the age of AIDS: The construction of risk and trust among young adults. Social Science and Medicine, 41, 1311–1323. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00010-5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacNeil, S., & Byers, E. S. (2005). Dyadic assessment of sexual self-disclosure and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual dating couples. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 169–181. doi:10.1177/0265407505050942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayland, K. A. (2005). The impact of practicing mindfulness meditation on women’s sexual lives (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Full Text (305346162). Retrieved from http://spot.lib.auburn.edu/login? http://search.proquest.com/docview/305346162?accountid=8421.

  • Meston, C. (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in women with female orgasmic disorder and in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 29, 39–46. doi:10.1080/713847100.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Methikalam, B., Wang, K. T., Slaney, R. B., & Yeung, J. G. (2015). Asian values, personal and family perfectionism, and mental health among Asian Indians in the United States. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6, 223–232. doi:10.1037/aap0000023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., & Dolezal, C. (2007). The Female Sexual Function Index: A methodological critique and suggestions for improvement. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 33, 217–224. doi:10.1080/00926230701267852.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller, A. T., & Van Zyl, P. D. (1991). Relationship beliefs, interpersonal perception, and marital adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 47, 28–33. doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199101)47:1<28:AID-JCLP2270470105>3.0.CO;2-K.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montesi, J. L., Conner, B. T., Gordon, E. A., Fauber, R. L., Kim, K. H., & Heimberg, R. G. (2013). On the relationship among social anxiety, intimacy, sexual communication, and sexual satisfaction in young couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 81–91. doi:10.1007/s10508-012-9929-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oattes, M. K., & Offman, A. (2007). Global self-esteem and sexual self-esteem as predictors of sexual communication in intimate relationships. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 16, 89–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parazzini, F., Negri, E., & LaVecchia, C. (1992). Reproductive and general lifestyle determinants of age at menopause. Maturitas, 15, 141–149. doi:10.1016/0378-5122(92)90248-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pazmany, E., Bergeron, S., Verhaeghe, J., Van Oudenhove, L., & Enzlin, P. (2014). Sexual communication, dyadic adjustment, and psychosexual well-being in premenopausal women with self-reported dyspareunia and their partners: A controlled study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 11, 1786–1797. doi:10.1111/jsm.12518.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perera, M. J., & Chang, E. C. (2015). Ethnic variations between Asian and European Americans in interpersonal sources of socially prescribed perfectionism: It’s not just about parents! Asian American Journal of Psychology, 6, 31–37. doi:10.1037/a0036175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quadland, M. C. (1980). Private self-consciousness, attribution of responsibility, and perfectionistic thinking in secondary erectile dysfunction. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 6, 47–55. doi:10.1080/00926238008404245.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rehman, U. S., Rellini, A. H., & Fallis, E. (2011). The importance of sexual self-disclosure to sexual satisfaction and functioning in committed relationships. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 3108–3115. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02439.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rice, K. G., Lopez, F. G., & Richardson, C. M. (2013). Perfectionism and performance among STEM students. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 82, 124–134. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.12.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, R., & D’Agostino, R. (2000). The Female Sexual Functioning Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26, 191–208. doi:10.1080/009262300278597.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, S. B., Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., & Harvey, M. (2003). Perfectionism dimensions, perfectionistic attitudes, dependent attitudes, and depression in psychiatric patients and university students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 373–386. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.50.3.373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimotsu, S., & Mottet, T. P. (2009). The relationships among perfectionism, communication apprehension, and temperament. Communication Research Reports, 26, 188–197. doi:10.1080/08824090903074381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snell, W. E., Jr. (1997). The Multidimensional Sexual Perfectionism Questionnaire (MSPQ), Section I. Retrieved from http://www4.semo.edu/snell/scales/MSPQ.htm.

  • Snell, W. E., Jr. (2001). Sexual perfectionism among single sexually experienced females. In W. E. Snell, Jr. (Ed.), New directions in the psychology of human sexuality: Research and theory. Cape Giradeau, MO: Snell Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snell, W. E., Jr., & Rigdon, K. L. (2001). The Multidimensional Sexual Perfectionism Questionnaire: Preliminary evidence for reliability and validity. In W. E. Snell, Jr. (Ed.), New directions in the psychology of human sexuality: Research and theory. Cape Giradeau, MO: Snell Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S. (2006). Sexuality in close relationships. In P. Noller & J. A. Feeney (Eds.), Close relationships: Functions, forms, and processes (pp. 267–284). New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203782972.

  • Steer, A., & Tiggemann, M. (2008). The role of self-objectification in women’s sexual functioning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 27, 205–225. doi:10.1521/jscp.2008.27.3.205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J. (2012). Dyadic perfectionism in romantic relationships: Predicting relationship satisfaction and longterm commitment. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 300–305. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J. (2014). How other-oriented perfectionism differs from self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 36, 329–338. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9397-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., & Childs, J. H. (2010). The assessment of self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism: Subscales make a difference. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 577–585. doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.513306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoeber, J., Harvey, L. N., Almeida, I., & Lyons, E. (2013). Multidimensional sexual perfectionism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1593–1604. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0135-8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tang, N., Bensman, L., & Hatfield, E. (2013). Culture and sexual self-disclosure in intimate relationships. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 7, 227–245. doi:10.5964/ijpr.v7i2.141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vencill, J. A., Tebbe, E. A., & Garos, S. (2015). It’s not the size of the boat or the motion of the ocean: The role of self-objectification, appearance anxiety, and depression in female sexual functioning. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 39, 471–483. doi:10.1177/0361684315587703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiederman, M. W. (2000). Women’s body image self-consciousness during physical intimacy with a partner. Journal of Sex Research, 37, 60–68. doi:10.1080/00224490009552021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiederman, M. W. (2001). “Don’t look now”: The role of self-focus in sexual dysfunction. The Family Journal, 9, 210–214. doi:10.1177/1066480701092020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wiegel, M., Meston, C., & Rosen, R. (2005). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): Cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 31, 1–20. doi:10.1080/00926230590475206.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wincze, J. P., & Carey, M. P. (1991). Sexual dysfunction: A guide for assessment and treatment. New York: Guilford Press. doi:10.1176/ps.44.9.894.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Annette S. Kluck.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kluck, A.S., Zhuzha, K. & Hughes, K. Sexual Perfectionism in Women: Not as Simple as Adaptive or Maladaptive. Arch Sex Behav 45, 2015–2027 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0805-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0805-4

Keywords

Navigation