Skip to main content
Log in

Is Sexual Racism Really Racism? Distinguishing Attitudes Toward Sexual Racism and Generic Racism Among Gay and Bisexual Men

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Archives of Sexual Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Sexual racism is a specific form of racial prejudice enacted in the context of sex or romance. Online, people use sex and dating profiles to describe racialized attraction through language such as “Not attracted to Asians.” Among gay and bisexual men, sexual racism is a highly contentious issue. Although some characterize discrimination among partners on the basis of race as a form of racism, others present it as a matter of preference. In May 2011, 2177 gay and bisexual men in Australia participated in an online survey that assessed how acceptably they viewed online sexual racism. Although the men sampled displayed diverse attitudes, many were remarkably tolerant of sexual racism. We conducted two multiple linear regression analyses to compare factors related to men’s attitudes toward sexual racism online and their racist attitudes more broadly. Almost every identified factor associated with men’s racist attitudes was also related to their attitudes toward sexual racism. The only differences were between men who identified as Asian or Indian. Sexual racism, therefore, is closely associated with generic racist attitudes, which challenges the idea of racial attraction as solely a matter of personal preference.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allport, G. (1979). The nature of prejudice: 25th anniversary edition. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altman, D. (2002). Global sex. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Australia 2011 census data. Accessed on 15 August 2013 from www.abs.gov.au/census.

  • Ayala, G., Bingham, T., Kim, J., Wheeler, D. P., & Millett, G. A. (2012). Modeling the impact of social discrimination and financial hardship on the sexual risk of HIV among Latino and Black men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 102(S2), S242–S249.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bolding, G., Davis, M., Hart, G., Sherr, L., & Elford, J. (2007). Where young MSM meet their first sexual partner: The role of the Internet. AIDS and Behavior, 11, 522–526.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bowleg, L. (2012). “Once you’ve blended the cake, you can’t take the parts back to the main ingredients”: Black gay and bisexual men’s descriptions and experiences of intersectionality. Sex Roles, 68, 754–767.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. (2011). Prejudice: Its social psychology. West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callander, D., Holt, M., & Newman, C. (2012). Just a preference: Racialised language in the sex-seeking profiles of gay and bisexual men. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 14, 1049–1063.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callander, D., Holt, M., & Newman, C. (2013). Preference or prejudice: Exploring and challenging race-based attraction among gay and bisexual men in Australia. Poster presented at the conference of the International Association for the Study of Sex, Culture and Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/QcgzYy.

  • Callander, D., Holt, M., & Newman, C. (2015). ‘Not everyone’s gonna like me’: Accounting for race and racism in Australian sex and dating webservices for gay and bisexual men. Ethnicities. doi:10.1177/1468796815581428.

  • Caluya, G. (2006). The (gay) scene of racism: Face, shame and gay Asian males. Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association e-Journal, 2, online. http://www.acrawsa.org.au/files/ejournalfiles/80GilbertCaluya.pdf.

  • Chuang, K. (1999). Using chopsticks to eat steak. Journal of Homosexuality, 36, 29–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dasko, D. (2003). Public attitudes towards multiculturalism and bilingualism in Canada. Paper presented at the Canadian and French Perspectives on Diversity Conference, Ottawa, Canada. Retrieved from http://www.queensu.ca/cora/_files/diversity_dasko.pdf.

  • Dunn, K. (2004). Racism in Australia: Findings of a survey on racist attitudes and experiences of racism. Paper presented at the Challenges of Immigration and Integration in the EU and Australia conference, Sydney, Australia. Retrieved from https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/41761/4/dunn_paper.pdf.

  • Dunn, K., Forrest, J., Burnley, I., & McDonald, A. (2004). Constructing racism in Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 39, 409–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franssens, D., Hospers, H., & Kok, G. (2010). First same-sex partner and the Internet. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 1384–1386. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9685-0.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hage, G. (1998). White nation: Fantasies of White supremacy in a multicultural society. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, A. (2006a). I think you’re the smartest race I’ve ever met: Racialised economies of queer male desire. Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association e-Journal, 2, online. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:229149/AlanHan.pdf.

  • Han, C. (2006b). Geisha of a different kind: Gay Asian men and the gendering of sexual identity. Sexuality and Culture, 10, 3–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, C. (2007). They don’t want to cruise your type: Gay men of color and the racial politics of exclusion. Social Identities, 13, 51–67. doi:10.1080/13504630601163379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Han, C. (2008a). A qualitative exploration of the relationship between racism and unsafe sex among Asian Pacific Islander gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 827–837. doi:10.1007/s10508-007-9308-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Han, C. (2008b). No fats, femmes, or Asians: The utility of critical race theory in examining the role of gay stock stories in the marginalization of gay Asian men. Contemporary Justice Review, 11, 11–22. doi:10.1080/10282580701850355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernton, C. (1965). Sex and racism in America. New York: Anchor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M. (2011). Gay men and ambivalence about ‘gay community’: From gay community attachment to personal communities. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 13, 857–871. doi:10.1080/13691058.2011.581390.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, M., & Griffin, C. (2003). Being gay, being straight and being yourself. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 6, 404–425. doi:10.1177/13675494030063008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hull, P., Mao, L., Kolstee, J., Duck, T., Prestage, G., Zablotska, I., et al. (2014). Gay community periodic survey: Sydney 2014. Sydney: Centre for Social Research in Health, UNSW Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeffries, W. (2009). A comparative analysis of homosexual behaviors, sex role preferences, and anal sex proclivities in Latino and non-Latino men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 765–778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, K., & Lundquist, J. (2013). Mate selection in cyberspace: The intersection of race, gender, and education. American Journal of Sociology, 119, 183–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malebranche, D., Fields, E. L., Lawrence, B. O., & Harper, S. R. (2007). Masculine socialization and sexual risk behaviors among black men who have sex with men: A qualitative exploration. Men and Masculinities, 12(1), 90–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, T., & Quan, A. (2013). Sexual racism sux! Accessed 1 June 2013. http://www.sexualracismsux.com/.

  • Matheson, J. (2012, December 14). I’m a sexual racist. Sydney Star Observer. Retrieved from http://www.starobserver.com.au/opinion/soapbox-opinion/im-a-sexual-racist/91678.

  • McBride, D. (2005). Why I hate Abercrombie & Fitch. New York: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, E., & Mendelberg, T. (2000). Reconsidering the environmental determinants of White racial attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 44, 574–589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, J., Ayala, G., & Choi, K. (2010). Internet sex ads for MSM and partner selection criteria: The potency of race/ethnicity online. Journal of Sex Research, 47, 528–538. doi:10.1080/00224490903244575.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phua, V., & Kaufman, G. (2003). The crossroads of race and sexuality. Journal of Family Issues, 24, 981–994. doi:10.1177/0192513x03256607.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plummer, M. (2008). Sexual racism in gay communities: Negotiating the ethnosexual marketplace. Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington. Retrieved from https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/9181

  • Ponterotto, J., Burkard, A., Rieger, B., Grieger, I., D’Onofrio, A., Dubuisson, A., et al. (1995). Development and initial validation of the Quick Discrimination Index (QDI). Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 1016–1031. doi:10.1177/0013164495055006011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raj, S. (2011). Grindring bodies: Racial and affective economies of online queer desire. Australian Critical Race and Whiteness Studies Association e-Journal, 7(2), 55–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapley, M. (1998). Just an ordinary Australian’: Self-categorization and the discursive construction of facticity in ‘new racist’ political rhetoric. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 325–344. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1998.tb01175.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rapley, M. (2001). How to do X without doing Y’: Accomplishing discrimination without ‘being racist’-‘doing equality’. In M. Augoustinos & K. Reynolds (Eds.), Understanding prejudice, racism, and social conflict (pp. 213–250). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridge, D., Hee, A., & Minichiello, V. (1999). Asian’ men on the scene: Challenges to ‘gay communities. Journal of Homosexuality, 36, 43–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riggs, D. (2012). Anti-Asian sentiment amongst a sample of White Australian men on gaydar. Sex Roles, 36, 768–778. doi:10.1007/s11199-012-0119-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. (2012). Sexual racism in a gay community on the US-Mexico border: Revisiting the Latin Americanization thesis online. Master’s thesis, University of Texas. Retrieved from http://digitalcommons.utep.edu/dissertations/AAI1513118/.

  • StataCorp. (2011). Stata statistical software: Release 12. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stember, C. (1978). Sexual racism: The emotional barrier to an integrated society. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 7, 321–326. doi:10.1089/1094931041291295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teunis, N. (2007). Sexual objectification and the construction of whiteness in the gay male community. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 9, 263–275. doi:10.1080/13691050601035597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thalhammer, E., Zucha, V., Enzenhofer, E., Salfinger, B., & Ogris, G. (2001). Attitudes towards minority groups in the European Union. Vienna, Austria: European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia. Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_138_analysis.pdf.

  • Watts, J. (2012, February 29). Gay men and women are not more racist. The Huffington Post. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/.

  • Wei, C., & Raymond, H. F. (2010). Preferences for and maintenance of anal sex roles among men who have sex with men: Sociodemographic and behavioral correlates. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 829–834.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Denton Callander.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Callander, D., Newman, C.E. & Holt, M. Is Sexual Racism Really Racism? Distinguishing Attitudes Toward Sexual Racism and Generic Racism Among Gay and Bisexual Men. Arch Sex Behav 44, 1991–2000 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0487-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0487-3

Keywords

Navigation