Abstract
Thirty years after the beginning of the HIV epidemic, gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (collectively called MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of HIV in the United States and continue to acquire a distressingly high number and proportion of new infections. Historically, HIV prevention for MSM has been focused on individual-level behavior change, rarely intervening with MSM as part of a couple. Yet, an estimated 33–67 % of HIV infections among MSM are acquired from primary sexual partners, suggesting that work with MSM as couples could be an important contributor to prevention. Given the emergence of high impact combination HIV prevention, it is timely to consider how work with the broad variety of male couples can improve both personal and community health. Couples HIV testing and counseling for MSM is an important advance for identifying men who are unaware that they are HIV-positive, identifying HIV-discordant couples, and supporting men who want to learn their HIV status with their partner. Once men know their HIV status, new advances in biomedical prevention, which can dramatically reduce risk of HIV transmission or acquisition, allow men to make prevention decisions that can protect themselves and their partners. This paper highlights the present-day challenges and benefits of using a couples-based approach with MSM in the era of combination prevention to increase knowledge of HIV status, increase identification of HIV discordant couples to improve targeting prevention services, and support mutual disclosure of HIV status.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.References
Allen, S., Meinzen-Derr, J., Kautzman, M., Zulu, I., Trask, S., Fideli, U., … Haworth, A. (2003). Sexual behavior of HIV discordant couples after HIV counseling and testing. AIDS, 17, 733–740.
Allen, S., Tice, J., Van de Perre, P., Serufilira, A., Hudes, E., Nsengumuremyi, F., … Hulley, S. (1992). Effect of serotesting with counseling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. British Medical Journal, 304, 1605–1609.
Anderson, P. L., Glidden, D. V., Liu, A., Buchbinder, S., Lama, J. R., Guanira, J. V., … iPrEx Study Team. (2012). Emtricitabine-tenofovir concentrations and pre-exposure prophylaxis efficacy in men who have sex with men. Science Translational Medicine, 4(151), 151ra125. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004006.
Barash, E. A., & Golden, M. (2010). Awareness and use of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among attendees of a Seattle gay pride event and sexually transmitted disease clinic. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 24, 689–691.
Becker, S., Mlay, R., Schwandt, H. M., & Lyamuya, E. (2010). Comparing couples’ and individual voluntary counseling and testing for HIV at antenatal clinics in Tanzania: A randomized trial. AIDS and Behavior, 14, 558–566. doi:10.1007/s10461-009-9607-1.
Beougher, S. C., Chakravarty, D., Garcia, C. C., Darbes, L. A., Neilands, T. B., & Hoff, C. C. (2012). Risks worth taking: Safety agreements among discordant gay couples. AIDS Care, 24, 1071–1077.
Bernstein, K. T., Marcus, J. L., Nieri, G., Philip, S. S., & Klausner, J. D. (2010). Rectal gonorrhea and chlamydia reinfection is associated with increased risk of HIV seroconversion. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 53, 537–543.
Brady, S. S., Iantaffi, A., Galos, D. L., & Rosser, B. R. S. (2013). Open, closed, or in between: Relationship configuration and condom use among men who use the internet to seek sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 17, 1499–1514. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0316-9.
Brooks, R. A., Kaplan, R. L., Lieber, E., Landovitz, R. J., Lee, S. J., & Leibowitz, A. A. (2011). Motivators, concerns, and barriers to adoption of preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among gay and bisexual men in HIV-serodiscordant male relationships. AIDS Care, 23, 1136–1145. doi:10.1080/09540121.2011.554528.
Brooks, R. A., Landovitz, R. J., Kaplan, R. L., Lieber, E., Lee, S. J., & Barkley, T. W. (2012). Sexual risk behaviors and acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in serodiscordant relationships: A mixed methods study. AIDS Patient Care STDS, 26, 87–94. doi:10.1089/apc.2011.0283.
Buchacz, K., Klausner, J. D., Kerndt, P. R., Shouse, R. L., Onorato, I., McElroy, P. D., … Brooks, J. T. (2008). HIV incidence among men diagnosed with early syphilis in Atlanta, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, 2004 to 2005. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 47, 234–240.
Carballo-Diéguez, A., Frasca, T., Dolezal, C., & Balan, I. (2012). Will gay and bisexually active men at high risk of infection use over-the-counter rapid HIV tests to screen sexual partners? Journal of Sex Research, 49, 379–387.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006a). Revised recommendations for HIV testing of adults, adolescents, and pregnant women in health care settings, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55(RR17), 1-17.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006b). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 55(RR11), 9-10.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Meeting summary: “Consultation on serosorting practices among men who have sex with men.” Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/research/resources/other/serosorting.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2010). Prevalence and awareness of HIV Infection among men who have sex with men—21 cities, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 59, 1201–1207.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011a). High-impact HIV prevention: CDC’s approach to reducing HIV infections in the United Sates. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/strategy/dhap/pdf/nhas_booklet.pdf.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011b). Interim guidance: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Repoirt, 60(3), 65–68.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011c). Serosorting among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/msmhealth/Serosorting.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012a). Compendium of Evidence-Based HIV Behavioral Interventions. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/research/prs/index.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012b). Estimated HIV incidence among adults and adolescents in the United States, 2007-2010. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report, 17(4), Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2010supp_vol17no4/index.htm.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2011. HIV Surveillance Report (Vol. 23). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/surveillance/resources/reports/2011report/index.htm.
Chakravarty, D., Hoff, C. C., Neilands, T. B., & Darbes, L. A. (2012). Rates of testing in the presence of serodiscordant UAI among HIV-negative gay men in committed relationships. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 1944–1948.
Cohen, M. S., Chen, Y. Q., McCauley, M., Gamble, T., Hosseinipour, M. C., Kumarasamy, N., … HPTN052 Study Team. (2011). Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 493–505. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1105243.
Cohen, M. S., Hoffman, I. F., Royce, R. A., Kazembe, P., Dyer, J. R., Daly, C. C., … Eron, J. J. (1997). Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: Implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. Lancet, 349, 1868–1873.
Crawford, J. M., Rodden, P., Kippax, S., & Van de Ven, P. (2001). Negotiated safety and other agreements between men in relationships: Risk practice redefined. International Journal of STD and AIDS, 12, 164–170.
Darbes, L. A., Chakravarty, D., Beougher, S. C., Neilands, T. B., & Hoff, C. C. (2012). Partner-provided social support influences choice of risk reduction strategies in gay male couples. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 159–167. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9868-8.
Davidovich, U., de Wit, J. B. F., Albrecht, N., Geskus, R., Stroebe, W., & Coutinho, R. (2004a). Increase in the share of steady partners as a source of HIV infection—A 17-year study of seroconversion among younger and older gay men. AIDS, 15, 1303–1308.
Davidovich, U., de Wit, J. B. F., & Stroebe, W. (2004b). Behavioral and cognitive barriers to safer sex between men in steady relationships: Implications for prevention strategies. AIDS Education and Prevention, 16, 304–314.
Desgrees Du Lou, A., Brou, H., Traore, A. T., Djohan, G., Becquet, R., & Leroy, V. (2009). From prenatal HIV testing of the mother to prevention of sexual HIV transmission within the couple. Social Science and Medicine, 69, 892–899. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.045.
Dunkle, K. L., Stephenson, R., Karita, E., Chomba, E., Kayitenkore, K., Vwalika, C., … Allen, S. (2008). New heterosexually transmitted HIV infections in married or cohabiting couples in urban Zambia and Rwanda: an analysis of survey and clinical data. Lancet, 371, 2183–2191.
Eaton, L. A., Kalichman, S. C., O’Connell, D. A., & Karchner, W. D. (2009). A strategy for selecting sexual partners believed to pose little/no risks for HIV: Serosorting and its implications for HIV transmission. AIDS Care, 21, 1279–1288.
El-Bassel, N., Jemmott, J. B., Landis, R., Pequegnat, W., Wingood, G. M., Wyatt, G. E., … for the NIMH Multisite HIV/STD Prevention Trial for African American Couples Group. (2010). National Institute of Mental Health Multisite Eban HIV/STD Prevention Intervention for African American HIV Serodiscordant Couples. Archives of Internal Medicine, 170, 1594–1601.
El-Bassel, N., Witte, S. S., Gilbert, L., Wu, E., Chang, M., Hill, J., et al. (2003). The efficacy of a relationship-based HIV/STD prevention intervention program for heterosexual couples. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 963–969.
Elford, J., Bolding, G., Maguire, M., & Sherr, L. (1999). Sexual risk behavior among gay men in a relationship. AIDS, 13, 1407–1411.
Eshleman, S. H., Hudelson, S. E., Redd, A. D., Wang, L., Debes, R., Chen, Y. Q., … Hughes, J. P. (2011). Analysis of genetic linkage of HIV from couples enrolled in the HIV Prevention Trials Network 052 Trial. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, 1918–1926. doi:10.1093/infdis/jir651.
Farquhar, C., Kiarie, J. N., Richardson, B. A., Kabura, M. N., John, F. N., Nduati, R. W., … John-Steward, G. C. (2004). Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 37, 1620–1026.
Fideli, U. S., Allen, S. A., Musonda, R., Trask, S., Hahn, B. H., Weiss, H., … Aldrovandi, G. M. (2001). Virologic and immunologic determinants of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in Africa. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 17, 901–910.
Food and Drug Administration. (2012a). Truvada approved to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV in people who are not infected with the virus. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ByAudience/ForPatientAdvocates/HIVandAIDSActivities/ucm312264.htm.
Food and Drug Adminstration. (2012b). FDA approves first over-the-counter home-use rapid HIV test [Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm310542.htm.
Ganesa, A., Fieberg, A., Agan, B. K., Lalani T., Landrum, M. L., Wortmann, G., … The Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group. (2012). Results of a 25-year longitudinal analysis of the serologic incidence of syphilis in a cohort of HIV-infected patients with unrestricted access to care. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 39, 440–448.
Gass, K., Hoff, C. C., Stephenson, R., & Sullivan, P. S. (2012). Sexual agreements in partnerships of internet-using men who have sex with men. AIDS Care, 24, 1255–1263.
Gilead. (2012). Truvada medication assistance program. Retrieved from http://www.gilead.com/truvada_assistance_program.
Golden, M. R., Dombrowski, J. C., Kerani, R. P., & Stekler, J. D. (2012). Failure of serosorting to protect African American men who have sex with men from HIV infection. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 39, 659–664.
Golden, M. R., Stekler, J., Hughes, J. P., & Wood, R. W. (2008). HIV serosorting in men who have sex with men: Is it safe? Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 49, 212–218.
Goodreau, S. M., Carnegie, N. B., Vittinghof, E., Lama, J. R., Sanchez, J., Grinsztejn, B., … Buchbinder, S. P. (2012). What drives the US and Peruvian HIV epidemic in men who have sex with men (MSM)? PLoS One, 7(11), e50522. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050522.
Grant, R. M., Lama, J. R., Anderson, P. L., McMahan, V., Liu, A. Y., Vargas, L., et al. (2010). Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. New England Journal of Medicine, 363, 2587–2599. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1011205.
Green, R.-J., & Mitchell, V. (2008). Gay and lesbian couples in therapy: Minority stress, relational ambiguity, and families of choice. In A. S. Gurman (Ed.), Clinical handbook of couple therapy (4th ed., pp. 662–680). New York: Guilford Press.
Guest, G., Shattuck, D., Johnson, L., Akumatey, B., Clarke, E. E. K., Chen, P. L., et al. (2008). Changes in sexual risk behavior among participants in a PrEP HIV prevention trial. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 35, 1002–1008.
Guzman, R., Colfax, G. N., Wheeler, S., Mansergh, G., Marks, G., Rader, M., et al. (2005). Negotiated safety relationships and sexual behavior among a diverse sample of HIV-negative men who have sex with men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 38, 33–42.
Hira, S. K., Nkowane, B. M., Kamanga, J., Wadhawan, D., Kavindele, D., Macuacua, R., … Perine, P. L. (1990). Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus in families in Lusaka, Zambia. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 3, 83–86.
Hoff, C. (2005). Negotiated safety agreements: Do they protect and how they protect. Focus: A Guide to AIDS Research and Counseling, 20(2), 1–4.
Hoff, C. H., & Beougher, S. C. (2010). Sexual agreements among gay male couples. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 774–787.
Hoff, C. C., Chakravarty, D., Beougher, S. C., Darbes, L. A., Dadasovich, R., & Nielands, T. B. (2009). Serostatus differences and agreements about outside partners among gay male couples. AIDS Education and Prevention, 21, 25–38.
Jin, F., Crawford, J., Prestage, G. P., Zablotska, I., Imrie, J., Kippax, S. C., … Grulich, A. E. (2009). Unprotected anal intercourse, risk reduction behaviours, and subsequent HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual men. AIDS, 23, 243–252.
Kalichman, S. C., Eaton, L., & Cherry, C. (2010). Sexually transmitted infections and infectiousness beliefs among people living with HIV/AIDS: Implications for HIV treatment as prevention. HIV Medicine, 11, 502–509.
Kalichman, S. C., Pellowski, J., & Turner, C. (2011). Prevalence of sexually transmitted co-infections in people living with HIV/AIDS: Systematic review with implications for using HIV treatments for prevention. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 87, 183–190. doi:10.1136/sti.2010.047514.
Kamenga, M., Ryder, R. W., Jingu, M., Mbuyi, N., Mbu, L., Behets, F., … Heyward, W. L. (1991). Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: Experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire. AIDS, 5, 61–67.
Kelley, C. F., Haaland, R. E., Patel, P., Evans-Strickfaden, T., Farshy, C., Hanson, D., … Hart, C. E. (2011). HIV-1 RNA rectal shedding is reduced in men with low plasma HIV-1 RNA viral loads and is not enhanced by sexually transmitted bacterial infections of the rectum. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 204, 761–767.
Kippax, S. (2002). Negotiated safety agreements among gay men. In A. O’Leary (Ed.), Beyond condoms: Alternative approaches to HIV prevention (pp. 1–15). New York: Kluwer/Plenum Publishers.
Kippax, S., Crawford, J., Davis, M., Rodden, P., & Dowsett, G. (1993). Sustaining safe sex: A longitudinal study of a sample of homosexual men. AIDS, 7, 279–282.
Kippax, S., Noble, J., Prestage, G., Crawford, J. M., Campbell, D., Baxter, D., et al. (1997). Sexual negotiation in the AIDS era: Negotiated safety revisited. AIDS, 11, 191–197.
Kippax, S., Slavin, S., Ellard, J., Hendry, O., Ricters, J., Grulich, A., et al. (2003). Seroconversion in context. AIDS Care, 15, 839–852.
Kizito, D., Woodburn, P. W., Kesande, B., Ameke, C., Nabulime, J., Muwanga, M., … Elliott, A. M. (2008). Uptake of HIV and syphilis testing of pregnant women and their male partners in a programme for prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Uganda. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 13, 680–682. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02052.x.
Koenig, L. J., Lyles, C., & Smith. D. K. (2013). Adherence to antiretroviral medications for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: Lessons learned from trials and treatment studies. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(Suppl. 1), S91–S98. doi.10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.047.
Krakower, D. S., Mimiaga, M. J., Rosenberger, J. G., Novak, D. S., Mitty, J. A., White, J. M., et al. (2012). Limited awareness and low immediate uptake of pre-exposure prophylaxis among men who have sex with men using an internet social networking site. PLoS ONE, 7(3), e33119. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033119.
Kurth, A. E., Celum, C., Baeten, J. M., Vermund, S. H., & Wasserheit, J. N. (2010). Combination HIV prevention: Significance, challenges, and opportunities. Current HIV/AIDS Report, 8, 62–72. doi:10.1007/s11904-010-0063-3.
Landovitz, R. J., Combs, K. B., & Currier, J. S. (2009). Availability of HIV postexposure prophylaxis services in Los Angeles County. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48, 1624–1627. doi:10.1086/598976.
Liu, A. Y., Kittredge, P. V., Vittinghoff, E., Raymond, H. F., Ahrens, K., Matheson, T., … Buchbinder, S. P. (2008). Limited knowledge and use of HIV post- and pre-exposure prophylaxis among gay and bisexual men. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 47, 241–247.
Margolin, G. (1982). Ethical and legal considerations in marital and family therapy. American Psychologist, 37, 788–801.
Marks, G., Millett, G. A., Bingham, T., Lauby, J., Murrill, C. S., & Stueve, A. (2010). Prevalence and protective value of serosorting and strategic positioning among black and Latino men who have sex with men. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37, 325–327. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181c95dac.
Mimiaga, M. J., Case, P., Johnson, C. V., Safren, S. A., & Mayer, K. H. (2009). Preexposure antiretroviral prophylaxis attitudes in high-risk Boston area men who report having sex with men: Limited knowledge and experience but potential for increased utilization after education. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 50, 77–83. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31818d5a27.
Mitchell, J. (March, 2012). Attitudes toward new social and biomedical HIV prevention techniques among male couples. Paper presented at the 2012 National STD prevention conference, Minneapolis, MN.
Mutua, G., Sanders, E., Mugo, P., Anzala, O., Haberer, J. E., Bangsberg, D., … Priddy, F. H. (2012). Safety and adherence to intermittent pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV-1 in African men who have sex with men and female sex workers. PLoS One, 7(4), e33103. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033103.
National Minority AIDS Council. (2012). Declaration to end HIV/AIDS in America. Retrieved from http://nmac.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/DeclarationtoEndAIDSInAmerica_FINAL.pdf.
Paltiel, A. D., & Walensky, R. P. (2012). Home HIV testing: Good news but not a game changer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 157, 744–746.
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. (2013). Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adultandadolescentgl.pdf.
Parsons, J. T., Severino, J., Nanin, J., Punzalan, J. C., von Sternberg, K., Missildine, W., et al. (2006). Positive, negative, unknown: Assumptions of HIV status among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 139–149. doi:10.1521/aeap.2006.18.2.139.
Parsons, J. T., Starks, T. J., DeBois, S., Grov, C., & Golub, S. A. (2013). Alternatives to monogamy among gay male couples in a community survey: Implications for mental health and sexual risk. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 303–312. doi:10.1007/s10508-011-9885-3.
Parsons, J. T., Starks, T. J., Gamarel, K. E., & Grov, C. (2012). Non-monogamy and sexual relationship quality among same-sex male couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 26, 669–677.
Pequegnat, W., & Bray, J. H. (2012). HIV/STD prevention interventions for couples and families: A review and introduction to the special issue. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 1(2), 79–93. doi:10.1027/a0028682.
Pitcher, C. D., Tien, H. C., Eron, J. J., Vernazza, P. L., Leu, S. Y., Stewart, P. W., … Cohen, M. S. (2004). Brief but efficient: Acute HIV infection and the sexual transmission of HIV. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 189, 1785–1792.
Purcell, D. W., Johnson, C. H., Lansky, A., Prejean, J., Stein, R., Denning, P., … Crepaz, N. (2012). Estimating the population size of men who have sex with men in the United States to obtain HIV and syphilis rates. The Open AIDS Journal, 6(Suppl. 1: M6), 98–107.
Remien, R. H., Stirratt, M. J., Dolezal, C., Dognin, J. S., Wagner, G. J., Carballo-Dieguez, A., … Jung, T. M. (2005). Couple-focused support to improve HIV medication adherence: A randomized controlled trial. AIDS, 19, 807–814.
Schechter, M., do Lago, R. F., Mendelsohn, A., Moreira, R. I., Moulton, L. H., Harrison, L. H., et al. (2004). Behavioral impact, acceptability, and HIV incidence among homosexual men with access to postexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 35, 519–525.
Simmons, J., & McMahon, J. M. (2012). Barriers to drug treatment for IDU couples: The need for couple-based approaches. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 31, 242–257. doi:10.1080/10550887.2012.702985.
Smith, K., Powers, K. A., Kashuba, A. D., & Cohen, M. S. (2011). HIV-1 treatment as prevention: The good, the bad, and the challenges. Current Opinion in HIV & AIDS, 6, 315–325. doi:10.1097/COH.0b013e32834788e7.
Smith, D. K., Toledo, L., Smith, D. J., Adams, M. A., & Rothenberg, R. (2012). Attitudes and program preferences of African American urban young adults about pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). AIDS Education and Prevention, 24, 408–421.
Spaulding, A. B., Lifson, A. R., Iverson, E. R., Ganesan, A., Landrum, M. L., Weintrob, A. C., … Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program HIV Working Group. (2012). Gonorrhoea or chlamydia in a US military HIV-positive cohort. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 88, 266–271. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050173.
Stephenson, R., Sullivan, P. S., Salazar, L. F., Gratzer, B., Allen, S., & Seelbach, E. (2011). Attitudes towards couples-based HIV testing among MSM in three US cities. AIDS and Behavior, 15(Suppl. 1), S80–S87. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9893-2.
Su, J. R., Beltrami, J. F., Zaidi, A. A., & Weinstock, H. S. (2011). Primary and secondary syphilis among Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men: Case report data from 27 States. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155, 145–151.
Sullivan, P. S., Salazar, L., Buchbinder, S., & Sanchez, T. H. (2009). Estimating the proportion of HIV transmissions from main sex partners among men who have sex with men in five US cities. AIDS, 23, 1153–1162. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832baa34.
The Voluntary HIV-1 Counseling and Testing Efficacy Study Group. (2000). Efficacy of voluntary HIV-1 counselling and testing in individuals and couples in Kenya, Tanzania, and Trinidad: A randomised trial. Lancet, 356, 103–112.
The White House Office on National AIDS Policy. (2010). National HIV/AIDS Policy for the United States. Retrived from http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/NHAS.pdf.
Torrone, E. A., Bertolli, J., Li, J., Sweeney, P., Jeffries, W. L., Ham, D. C., et al. (2011). Increased HIV and primary and secondary syphilis diagnoses among young men-United States, 2004-2008. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 58, 328–335.
Tripathi, A., Ogbuanu, C., Monger, M., Gibson, J. J., & Duffus, W. A. (2012). Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection: Healthcare providers’ knowledge, perception, and willingness to adopt future implementation in the southern US. Southern Medical Journal, 105, 199–206. doi:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e31824f1a1b.
U.S. Department of Health Human Services. (2005). Antiretroviral postexposure prophylaxis after sexual, injection-drug use, or other nonoccupational exposure to HIV in the United States: Recommendations from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reports Recommendations and Reports, 54(RR-2), 1-20. Retrevied from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5402a1.htm.
Wagenaar, B. H., Christiansen-Lindquist, L., Khosropour, C., Salazar, L. F., Benbow, N., Prachand, N., … Sullivan, P. S. (2012). Willingness of U. S. men who have sex with men (MSM) to participate in couples HIV voluntary counseling and testing (CVCT). PLoS One, 7(8), e42953. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042953.
Ware, N. C., Wyatt, M. A., Haberer, J. E., Baeten, J. M., Kintu, A., Psaros, C., … Bangsberg, D. R. (2012). What’s love got to do with it? Explaining adherence to oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV-serodiscordant couples. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 59, 463–468. doi:10.1097/QAI.0b013e31824a060b.
White, J. M., Mimiaga, M. J., Krakower, D. S., & Mayer, K. H. (2012). Evolution of Massachusetts physician attitudes, knowledge, and experience regarding the use of antiretrovirals for HIV prevention. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 26, 395–405.
World Health Organization. (2011). Prevention and treatment of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men who have sex with men and transgender people: Recommendations for a public health approach 2011. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/msm_guidelines2011/en/.
World Health Organization. (2012). Guidance on couples HIV testing and counselling including antiretroviral therapy for treatment and prevention in serodiscordant couples: A public health approach. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/9789241501972/en/.
Wu, E., El-Bassel, N., McVinney, L. D., Hess, L., Remien, R. H., Charania, M., et al. (2011). Feasibility and promise of a couple-based HIV/STI preventive intervention for methamphetamine-using, black men who have sex with men. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1745–1754. doi:10.1007/s10461-011-9997-8.
Zablotska, I. B., Imrie, J., Prestage, G., Crawford, J., Rawstorne, P., Grulich, A., … Kippax, S. (2009). Gay men’s current practice of HIV seroconcordant unprotected anal intercourse: serosorting or seroguessing? AIDS Care, 21, 501–510. doi:10.1080/09540120802270292.
Acknowledgments
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Purcell, D.W., Mizuno, Y., Smith, D.K. et al. Incorporating Couples-Based Approaches into HIV Prevention for Gay and Bisexual Men: Opportunities and Challenges. Arch Sex Behav 43, 35–46 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0205-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0205-y