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Measurement of Testosterone in Human Sexuality Research: Methodological Considerations

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Abstract

Testosterone (T) and other androgens are incorporated into an increasingly wide array of human sexuality research, but there are a number of issues that can affect or confound research outcomes. This review addresses various methodological issues relevant to research design in human studies with T; unaddressed, these issues may introduce unwanted noise, error, or conceptual barriers to interpreting results. Topics covered are (1) social and demographic factors (gender and sex; sexual orientations and sexual diversity; social/familial connections and processes; social location variables), (2) biological rhythms (diurnal variation; seasonality; menstrual cycles; aging and menopause), (3) sample collection, handling, and storage (saliva vs. blood; sialogogues, saliva, and tubes; sampling frequency, timing, and context; shipping samples), (4) health, medical issues, and the body (hormonal contraceptives; medications and nicotine; health conditions and stress; body composition, weight, and exercise), and (5) incorporating multiple hormones. Detailing a comprehensive set of important issues and relevant empirical evidence, this review provides a starting point for best practices in human sexuality research with T and other androgens that may be especially useful for those new to hormone research.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Jill Becker and Christopher Kuzawa for feedback on earlier drafts of this article. K.L.G. was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship (Grant No. DGE0718128).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, Program in Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences Program, Science, Technology, and Society Program, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA

    Sari M. van Anders

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Katherine L. Goldey

  3. Departments of Psychology and Women’s Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Sarah N. Bell

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  1. Sari M. van Anders
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  2. Katherine L. Goldey
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Correspondence to Sari M. van Anders.

Appendix

Appendix

Procedures for Packaging and Shipping Saliva Samples

  1. 1.

    −12° C reusable gel freezer packs (Pelton Shepherd Industries, Stockton, CA) were used to keep the saliva samples frozen during shipping. These packs were kept frozen until samples were ready to ship.

  2. 2.

    Saliva samples were packaged inside Styrofoam tube inserts within a Ziploc bag, and this Ziploc bag containing saliva samples was frozen until ready to ship.

  3. 3.

    Just prior to shipping, the Ziploc bag containing the saliva samples was packaged with freezer packs in a Styrofoam box. The freezer packs were placed under, on top of, and surrounding all sides of the bag with saliva samples.

  4. 4.

    The Styrofoam box was then packaged within a cardboard box (ThermoSafe, Arlington Heights, IL) and a larger shipping box, and the package was shipped to our laboratory using 24-h express shipping.

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van Anders, S.M., Goldey, K.L. & Bell, S.N. Measurement of Testosterone in Human Sexuality Research: Methodological Considerations. Arch Sex Behav 43, 231–250 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0123-z

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