Abstract
Although studies have identified a relationship between a history of child sexual abuse (CSA) and problems with hypoactive sexual desire, little is known about the potential cognitive and affective mechanisms involved in the sexual desire of women with a history of CSA. In this study, 27 women with a history of CSA and 22 women with no history of abuse were asked to write about sexual and non sexual topics. The Linguistic Inquiry Word Count software program was used to compute the percentage of words that fell into positive emotions, negative emotions, body, and sex categories. As expected, women with a history of CSA used more negative emotions words when writing about sexual topics, but not non-sexual topics, compared to non-abused women. Women with a history of CSA also used more sex words when writing about the non-sexual topics compared to non-abused women. Frequencies of body and sex words used in the sexual texts were positively linked to levels of sexual desire function. This association was not different between women with and without a history of CSA. A history of CSA remained an independent predictor of levels of sexual desire dysfunction even when taking into consideration the language used in the sexual texts, indicating that there may be aspects of the sexual desire experienced by women with a history of CSA that differ from non-abused women that remain unexplored.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Amir, N., McNally, R., & Wiegartz, P. (1996). Implicit memory bias for threat in posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 625–635.
Andersen, B. L., & Cyranowski, J. M. (1994). Women’s sexual self-schema. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1079–1100.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.
Bremner, J. D., Randall, P., Scott, T. W., Capelli, S., Delaney, R., McCarthy, G., et al. (1995). Deficits in short-term memory in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Psychiatry Research, 59, 97–107.
Brezsnyak, M., & Whisman, M. A. (2004). Sexual desire and relationship functioning: The effects of marital satisfaction and power. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 30, 199–217.
Cassiday, K. L., & Lyons, J. A. (1992). Recall of traumatic memories following cerebral vascular accident. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 627–631.
Dubois, S. L. (1997). Gender differences in the emotional tone of written sexual fantasies. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 6, 307–315.
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345.
Finkelhor, D., & Browne, A. (1985). The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 530–541.
Foa, E. B., Feske, U., Murdock, T. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1991). Processing of threat-related information in rape victims. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 156–162.
Foa, E. B., Molnar, C., & Cashman, L. (1995). Change in rape narratives during exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 675–690.
Golier, J. A., Yehuda, R., & Southwick, S. M. (1997). Memory and posttraumatic stress disorder. In P. S. Appelbaum & L. A. Uyehara (Eds.), Trauma and memory: Clinical and legal controversies (pp. 225–242). New York: Oxford University Press.
Gottschalk, L. A., & Gleser, G. C. (1969). The measurement of psychological states through the content analysis of verbal behavior. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Gray, M. J., & Lombardo, T. W. (2001). Complexity of trauma narratives as an index of fragmented memory in PTSD: A critical analysis. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, S171–S186.
Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. New York: Basic Books.
King, L. A. (1995). Wishes, motives, goals, and personal memories: Relations and correlates of measures of human motivation. Journal of Personality, 63, 985–1007.
Leonard, L. M., & Follette, V. M. (2002). Sexual functioning in women reporting a history of child sexual abuse: Review of the empirical literature and clinical implications. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 346–387.
Loeb, T. B., Williams, J. K., Carmona, J. V., Rivkin, I., Wyatt, G. E., Chiun, D., et al. (2002). Child sexual abuse: Associations with the sexual functioning of adolescents and adults. Annual Review of Sex Research, 13, 307–345.
McNally, R. J. (1997). Implicit and explicit memory for trauma-related information in PTSD. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 821, 219–224.
Meston, C. M. (2003). Validation of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in women with female orgasmic disorder and in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 29, 39–46.
Meston, C. M., & Heiman, J. R. (2000). Sexual abuse and sexual function: An examination of sexually relevant cognitive processes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 399–406.
Meston, C. M., Rellini, A. H., & Heiman, J. R. (2006). Women’s history of sexual abuse, their sexuality, and sexual self-schemas. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 229–236.
Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the implicit association test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166–180.
Oxman, T. E., Rosenberg, S. D., Schnurr, P. P., & Tucker, G. J. (1988). Diagnostic classification through content analysis of patients’ speech. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 464–468.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1989). Confession, inhibition, and disease. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 211–244.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1994). Hints on running a writing experiment. Unpublished manuscript.
Pennebaker, J. W. (2000). Telling stories: The health benefits of narrative. Literature and Medicine, 19, 3–18.
Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count (LIWC): LIWC2001. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1296–1312.
Regan, P. C. (1999). Hormonal correlates and causes of sexual desire: A review. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 8, 1–16.
Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22–53.
Rosen, R., Brown, C., Heiman, J., Leiblum, S., Meston, C., Shabsigh, R., et al. (2000). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 26, 191–208.
Schnurr, P. P., Rosenberg, S. D., & Oxman, T. E. (1992). Comparison of TAT and free speech techniques in eliciting source material in computerized content analysis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 58, 311–325.
Stiles, W. B. (1992). Describing talk: A taxonomy of verbal response modes. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Stone, P. J., Dunphy, D. C., Smith, M. S., & Ogilvy, D. M. (1966). The general enquirer: A computer approach to content analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Thomas, C. B., & Duszynski, K. R. (1985). Are words of the Rorschach predictors of disease and death? The case of “whirling.” Psychosomatic Medicine, 47, 201–211.
Weintraub, W. (1989). Verbal behavior in everyday life. New York: Springer.
Wenninger, K., & Heiman, J. R. (1998). Relating body image to psychological and sexual functioning in child sexual abuse survivors. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 543–562.
Wiegel, M., Meston, C. M., & Rosen, R. C. (2005). The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): Cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 31, 1–20.
Wolfe, J., & Kimerling, R. (1997). Gender issues in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 192–238). New York: Guilford.
Wyatt, G. E. (1991). Child sexual abuse and its effects on sexual functioning. Annual Review of Sex Research, 2, 249–266.
Yehuda, R., Keefe, R. S., Harvey, P. D., Levengood, R. A., Gerber, D. K., Geni, J., et al. (1995). Learning and memory in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152, 137–139.
Acknowledgments
This publication was made possible by Grant Number F31 MH68165-02 from the National Institute of Mental Health to Alessandra Rellini, and by Grant Number RO1 AT00224-02 from the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine to Cindy Meston. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Mental Health or the Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. The authors would like to acknowledge R. Sherlock Campbell for help with data analysis, and Melissa Farmer and Jessica Davis for their help with data collection.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix A. Picture Used for the Picture Essay
Appendix A. Picture Used for the Picture Essay
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rellini, A.H., Meston, C.M. Sexual Desire and Linguistic Analysis: A Comparison of Sexually-Abused and Non-Abused Women. Arch Sex Behav 36, 67–77 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9076-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9076-9