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Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis

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Abstract

Similar case analysis (SCA) is an essential topic in legal artificial intelligence, serving as a reference for legal professionals. Most existing works treat SCA as a traditional text classification task and ignore some important legal elements that affect the verdict and case similarity, like legal events, and thus are easily misled by semantic structure. To address this issue, we propose a Legal Event-Context Model named LECM to improve the accuracy and interpretability of SCA based on Chinese legal corpus. The event-context integration mechanism, which is an essential component of the LECM, is proposed to integrate the legal event and context information based on the attention mechanism, enabling legal events to be associated with their corresponding relevant contexts. We introduce an event detection module to obtain the legal event information, which is pre-trained on a legal event detection dataset to avoid labeling events manually. We conduct extensive experiments on two SCA tasks, i.e., similar case matching (SCM) and similar case retrieval (SCR). Compared with baseline models, LECM is validated by about 13% and 11% average improvement in terms of mean average precision and accuracy respectively, for SCR and SCM tasks. These results indicate that LECM effectively utilizes event-context knowledge to enhance SCA performance and its potential application in various legal document analysis tasks.

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Notes

  1. http://projects.ldc.upenn.edu/ace/.

  2. https://github.com/thunlp/CAIL.

  3. https://github.com/myx666/LeCaRD/tree/main/data.

  4. https://wenshu.court.gov.cn/.

  5. http://zoo.thunlp.org/.

  6. https://pytorch.org/.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Humanities and Social Science Planning Fund [Grant Numbers 21YJAZH013] from the Ministry of Education, China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

    Jingpei Dan & Lanlin Xu

  2. School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China

    Yuming Wang

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  1. Jingpei Dan
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Appendix: Example text snippets in the datasets

Appendix: Example text snippets in the datasets

Dataset

Example

CAIL-2019

Case A: …被告因需要资金, 向原告借款三次, 2015年6月18日第一次借款为人民币10000元, 2015年7月20日第二次借款人民币10000元, 2015年9月1日第三次借款人民币20000元, 并出具借条三张, 约定借期均为一个月。借款到期后, 被告未及时归还借款。借款期间, 被告将两辆车子的登记证书抵押在原告处。原告向被告多次催要借款未果, 故诉至法院, 请求依法支持原告诉求。被告 × × × 未答辩, 也未提交书面证据。当事人围绕诉讼请求依法提交了证据…

Translation: …The defendant borrowed money from the plaintiff three times due to the need for funds. The first loan was RMB 10,000 on June 18, 2015, the second loan was RMB 10,000 on July 20, 2015, and the third loan was RMB 1 on September 1, 2015. 20,000 yuan, and issued three IOUs, with an agreed loan period of one month. After the loan was due, the defendant failed to repay the loan in time. During the loan period, the defendant mortgaged the registration certificates of the two vehicles with the plaintiff. The plaintiff repeatedly urged the defendant to borrow money but failed, so he appealed to the court, requesting to support the plaintiff's claim in accordance with the law. Defendant × × × did not respond and did not submit written evidence. The parties submitted evidence according to the law around the claim…

Case B: …被告 × × × 向原告借款25万元, 为原告出具了借条, 并口头约定按月息2%计算; 2016年6月27日, 被告 × × × 向原告借款1万元, 为原告出具了借条, 并口头约定按月息2%计算; 2016年7月11日, 被告 × × × 向原告借款2万元, 为原告出具了借条, 并口头约定按月息2%计算, 即被告 × × × 共向原告借款28万元。借款后, 原告多次催要, 被告至今未支付借款本息。为此, 请求人民法院判令被告偿还原告本金20万元及利息…

Translation: …Defendant × × × borrowed 250,000 yuan from the plaintiff, issued an IOU for the plaintiff, and verbally agreed to calculate the monthly interest at 2%; on June 27, 2016, the defendant × × × borrowed 10,000 yuan from the plaintiff, and issued an IOU for the plaintiff, and verbally agreed to calculate the monthly interest at 2%; on July 11, 2016, the defendant × × × borrowed 20,000 yuan from the plaintiff, issued an IOU for the plaintiff, and verbally agreed to calculate the monthly interest at 2%, that is, the defendant × × × A total of 280,000 yuan was borrowed from the plaintiff. After the loan, the plaintiff repeatedly demanded it, but the defendant has not yet paid the principal and interest of the loan. For this reason, we request the people's court to order the defendant to repay the plaintiff's principal of 200,000 yuan and interest…

Case C: …原告 × × × 诉称, 2014年11月28日, 被告 × × × 向其借款2万元; 2015年2月13日, 被告 × × × 又向其借款5万元; 2015年6月16日, 被告 × × × 又向其借款5万元。因被告未能还款, 原告于2016年8月将被告诉至 × × × 市人民法院。2016年10月9日, 原、被告达成还款计划。同日, 原告申请撤回对被告的起诉。其后, 被告未能按照还款计划的内容履行钱款, 现要求被告归还借款人民币3万元、自第一次起诉日2016年8月30日起按当期银行利息结算由被告归还…

Translation: …Plaintiff × × × claimed that on November 28, 2014, defendant × × × borrowed 20,000 yuan from him; on February 13, 2015, defendant × × × borrowed another 50,000 yuan from him; on June 16, 2015, the defendant × × × borrowed another 50,000 yuan from him. Because the defendant failed to repay the loan, the plaintiff will be notified to the People's Court of × × × City in August 2016. On October 9, 2016, the plaintiff and the defendant reached a repayment plan. On the same day, the plaintiff applied to withdraw the lawsuit against the defendant. Afterwards, the defendant failed to fulfill the payment according to the content of the repayment plan. The defendant is now required to return the loan of RMB 30,000, which will be settled at the current bank interest from the date of the first lawsuit on August 30, 2016…

LeCaRD

Query: …被告人 × × × 饮酒发生急性酒精中毒, 头脑出现幻觉, 臆想自己近几年的不幸遭遇与国家有关领导和 × × × 市 × × × 等人有关。为了发泄其不满情绪, 被告人 × × × 从自己住处拿柴刀步行到 × × × 村便民服务中心办公室, 将办公室卷帘门损坏, 并用柴刀刀背将玻璃门打碎, 进入室内后, 拿柴刀在办公室内乱砸乱砍, 毁坏了室内摄像头1只、采集器1只、液晶显示器4台、尼康牌照相机1台及数据线、电源线数根…

Translation: …Defendant × × × suffered from acute alcohol intoxication after drinking, and had hallucinations in his head, imagining that his misfortunes in recent years were related to relevant state leaders and × × × city × × × and others. In order to vent his dissatisfaction, defendant × × × took a hatchet from his own residence and walked to the office of the convenience service center of × × × village, damaged the rolling shutter door of the office, and smashed the glass door with the back of the hatchet. After entering the room, he took the hatchet Smash and hack in the office, destroying 1 indoor camera, 1 collector, 4 LCD monitors, 1 Nikon camera, and several data cables and power cables…

Candidate1: …被告人 × × × 认为声音大, 已影响自己和家人休息, 便从家里拿一根木棍到 × × × 住处, 将 × × × 收音机打坏。同日上午7时许, × × × 手持山钩刀来到 × × × 家门口, × × × 便从家里厨房拿出钢钎, 兄弟俩人再次发生争执并打架。期间, × × × 持钢钎打击 × × × 头部等部位, × × × 被打后, 回到自己家中。之后, × × × 见 × × × 伤势较重, 遂驾驶农用车载 × × × 去医院治疗…

Translation: …Defendant × × × believed that the sound was loud enough to interfere with the rest of himself and his family, so he took a wooden stick from home to × × × 's residence and broke the radio of × × × . At about 7 o'clock in the morning on the same day, × × × came to the door of × × × 's house with a mountain hook knife in hand, and × × × took out a steel brazing rod from the kitchen at home, and the two brothers had another dispute and fight. During this period, × × × beat × × × 's head and other parts with a steel drill. After being beaten, × × × returned to his home. Later, × × × saw that × × × was seriously injured, so he drove × × × to the hospital for treatment…

Candidate2: …被告人 × × × 和饮酒后将在 × × × 市 × × × 电业局工作人员 × × × 、 × × × 放置在摩托车上的两顶安全帽无故拿走, 后 × × × 向被告人 × × × 和讨要安全帽时, × × × 和一手持水果刀, 一手持菜刀, 表示拒绝归还。 × × × 、 × × × 讨要未果后, 遂报警。不久后, 接警民警 × × × 带着辅警 × × × 赶到现场, 劝说 × × × 和归还安全帽, 但 × × × 和仍拒不归还且情绪越发激动, 其双手持刀威胁要砍死接警民警, 并向接警民警及辅警逼近…

Translation: …The defendant × × × took away without reason the two safety helmets placed on the motorcycle by the staff of × × × Electric Power Bureau of × × × City × × × × × × after drinking, and then × × × reported to the defendant When the person × × × he asked for the helmet, × × × he held a fruit knife in one hand and a kitchen knife in the other, refusing to return it. × × × , × × × reported to the police after asking for it but failed. Not long after, the police officer × × × rushed to the scene with the auxiliary police officer × × × , and persuaded × × × he to return the helmet, but × × × he still refused to return it and became more and more emotional. He threatened to hack to death with a knife in both hands Receive the police, and approach the police and auxiliary police…

(More candidates…)

LEVEN

…被告人 × × × 母亲 × × × 在 × × × 市 × × × 公司送餐期间, 因搭乘司机 × × × 驾驶的车辆发生交通事故, 造成乘车人 × × × 腰部左侧横突骨折, 其住院治疗共支付医疗费8754.55元…

Events: (trigger word: 骨折 event: 受伤), (trigger word: 支付, event: 支付/给付)

Translation: …The defendant × × × 's mother × × × had a traffic accident in the vehicle driven by the driver × × × during the delivery of meals at × × × Company in × × × City, resulting in the fracture of the left transverse process of the passenger × × × 's waist, He paid a total of 8754.55 yuan in medical expenses for hospitalization…

Events: (trigger word: fracture event: injury), (trigger word: paid, event: payment) …

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Dan, J., Xu, L. & Wang, Y. Integrating legal event and context information for Chinese similar case analysis. Artif Intell Law (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10506-023-09377-4

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