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Vitamin consumption and the ontogenesis of cathepsins and antioxidant capacity in developing embryos of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus

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Abstract

During embryonic development, vitamins are involved in energy metabolism and protein synthesis, while cathepsins and antioxidant defense play key roles in yolk degradation and protecting fish embryos from oxidative damage. This study aimed to investigate the consumption of vitamins (A, B1, B2, C, D, and E), ontogenesis of cathepsins, and antioxidant capacity in developing embryos of turbot. In this study, embryos were collected over time from 2.3 to 102.5 h (i.e., hatching) after fertilization for vitamins, cathepsins, and antioxidant capacity analyses. Results showed that the embryonic growth rate in the cleavage stage (CS) was faster than in other stages, while that in the segmentation stage (SS) was lower than in other stages. Embryos displayed higher demands on VA during blastula stage (BS), gastrula stage (GS), the early SS, and hatching day (HD), VB1 at CS; VB2 at BS, GS, SS, and HD; VD at CS and SS; VE at CS, BS, and the late SS; and Vc during entire periods. Cathepsins A (CA) showed a high level at early SS, suggesting its involvement in yolk degradation. Cathepsins B (CB) and cathepsins D (CD) were highly active at GS, suggesting an active apoptosis process. CA, CB, CD, and cathepsins L (CL) all kept low levels in CS, revealing low protein demand during the cleavage process. On the whole, the predominant antioxidant enzymes were superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) from CS to SS; SOD, MDA, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) during SS; and GSH-Px and CAT during HD. In conclusion, the fastest growth rate and the slowest growth rate of embryos occurred in CS and SS, respectively, being consistent with energy allocation. Vitamin consumption and cathepsin ontogenesis were stage-specific. Oxidative damage on embryos was relatively less at CS, but larger at SS and HD.

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Funding

This study was funded by the Open Foundation of Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils (Grant number JKLBS2022001) and the National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (Grant number 202210324022Z).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Solis, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224051, People’s Republic of China

    Xuehong Tong

  2. College of Ocean and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng, 224051, People’s Republic of China

    Xuehong Tong, Sudan Ran, Yiqiu Feng, Linxi Cao, Yi Wang, Yueqin Wang, Yutian Zhuang & Xuexue Zhang

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XT, SR, and YF: investigation, design of the study, writing—original draft, and supervision of the manuscript; LC and YW: material preparation and data analysis; YW, YZ, and XZ: sample handling.

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The fish were utilized and handled according to the requirements in the recommendations of Care and Use of Laboratory Animals in China, Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of China Experimental Animal Society. The applicable national guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed (GB/T 35823–2018).

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Tong, X., Ran, S., Feng, Y. et al. Vitamin consumption and the ontogenesis of cathepsins and antioxidant capacity in developing embryos of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Aquacult Int (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-024-01585-2

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