Abstract
Current study aimed to examine the effectiveness of date seed meal (DSM) in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Shrimp were fed on diets containing different amounts of DSM including 0, 50, 100, 150, and 230 g/kg for a period of 8 weeks. Growth parameters and body proximate composition showed no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Similarly, no notable differences were observed in hemolymph biochemical parameters in shrimp fed with different amounts of DSM compared with the control group (p > 0.05). The contents of whole body polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and total n-3 in P. vannamei fed diet containing 100 g/kg DSM were significantly greater than control treatment (p < 0.05). The survival of shrimp fed diets with different amounts of DSM exhibited no significant differences when exposed to high and low salinity stress (55 and 8 g/L, respectively) (p > 0.05). Altogether, the results of this study showed that DSM could be utilized as a cheapest source of carbohydrate in the shrimp diet without depressive effects on its performance.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abarike ED, Attipoe FYK, Alhassan EH (2012) Effects of feeding fry of Oreochromis niloticus on different agro-industrial by-products. Int J Fish Aquacult 4(8):178–185. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJFA11.028
Akbarzadeh A, Pakravan S, Niroomand M, Abkenar KB, Nimvari ME, Karimi K, Ghazvini A, Jalali SAH (2019) Effect of dietary date seed meal as an alternative carbohydrate source on immune-related gene expression of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 86:994–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.053
Aldhaheri A, Alhadrami G, Aboalnaga N, Wasfi I, Elridi M (2004) Chemical composition of date pits and reproductive hormonal status of rats fed date pits. Food Chem 86(1):93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.022
Al-Farsi MA, Lee CY (2011) Usage of date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds in human health and animal feed. In Preed VR, Watson RR, Patel VB (eds), Nuts and seeds in health and disease prevention, USA, p 447
AL-Suwaiegh SB (2016) Effect of feeding date pits on milk production, composition and blood parameters of lactating ardi goats. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci 29(4):509–515. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0012
Amaya E, Allen DD, Rouse DB (2007) Alternative diets for the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 262(2–4):419–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.001
Amisah S, Oteng MA, Ofori JK (2009) Growth performance of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, fed varying inclusion levels of Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 13(1):21–26. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v13i1.55257
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists) (1995) Official methods of analysis (16th edn). Arlington, VA, USA
Azaza MS, Mensi F, Kammoun W, Abd Elouaheb A, Brini B, Kraiem M (2009) Nutritional evaluation of waste date fruit as partial substitute for soybean meal in practical diets of juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochrois niloticus L. Aquac Nutr 15(3):262–272. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2008.00591.x
Belal IEH (2008) Evaluating fungi-degraded date pits as a feed ingredient for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. Aquac Nutr 14(5):445–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2007.00548.x
Belal IEH, Al-Owafeir MA (2004) Incorporating date pits Phoenix dactylifera and their sprouts in semi-purified diets for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L). J World Aquacult Soc 35(4):452–459. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb00110
Bonilla-Gómez JL, Chiappa-Carrara X, Galindo C, Jeronimo G, Cuzon G, Gaxiola G (2012) Physiological and biochemical changes of wild and cultivated juvenile pink shrimp Farfantepenaeus duorarum (Crustacea: Penaeidae) during molt cycle. J Crustac Biol 32(4):597–606. https://doi.org/10.1163/193724012X630679
Burford MA, Thompson PJ, Mcintosh RP, Bauman RH, Pearson DC (2004) The contribution of flocculated material to shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) nutrition in a high-intensity, zero-exchange system. Aquaculture 232(1–4):525–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00541-6
Chen K, Li E, Gan L, Wang X, Xu C, Lin H, Qin JG, Chen L (2014) Growth and lipid metabolism of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at different salinities. J Shellfish Res 33(3):825–832. https://doi.org/10.2983/035.033.0317
Chen Q, Zhao H, Huang Y, Cao J, Wang G, Sun Y, Li Y (2016) Effects of dietary arginine levels on growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indices and resistance ability against ammonia-nitrogen stress in juvenile yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco). Anim Nutr 2(3):204–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.07.001
Chiba S, Aoki L, Ogata T (2004) Response of the pandalid shrimp Pandalus latirostris to dissolved oxygen, salinity and turbidity. Fish Sci 70(6):1174–1176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2004.00920.x
El Hag MG, Ekhanjari HH (2000) Date and sardines as potential animal feed resources, available at: www. fao.org/agiagalagap/war/waral l/u870b/u875bOa. htm. Accessed 29 April
Elgasim EA, Alyousef YA, Humeid AM (1995) Possible hormonal activity of date pits and flesh fed to meat animals. Food Chem 52(2):149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0308-8146(94)P4195-L
Fotedar S, Evans L (2011) Health management during handling and live transport of crustaceans: a review. J Invertebr Pathol 106(1):143–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jip.2010.09.011
Gaber MM, Labib EH, Omar EA, Zaki MA, Nour AM (2012) Effect of partially replacing corn meal by date stone on growth performance in Nile tilapia (Oreockromis niloticus) fingerlings, diets supplemented with Digestarom®. Sci Rep 2:60–67. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2014.22010
Gaxiola G, Cuzon G, Garcia T, Taboada G, Brito R, Chimal ME, Paredes A, Soto L, Rosas C, Van Wormhoudt A (2005) Factorial effects of salinity, dietary carbohydrate and moult cycle on digestive carbohydrases and hexokinases in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 140(1):29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.10.018
Golshan Tafti A, Solaimani Dahdivan N, Yasini Ardakani SA (2017) Physicochemical properties and applications of date seed and its oil. Int Food Res J 24(4):1399–1406
Gonzalez-Felix ML, Gatlin DM, Lawrence AL, Perez-Velazquez M (2002) Effect of dietary phospholipid on essential fatty acid requirements and tissue lipid composition of Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. Aquaculture 207(1–2):151–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00797-9
Hamada JS, Hashim IB, Sharif FA (2002) Preliminary analysis and potential uses of date pits in foods. Food Chem 76(2):135–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00253-9
Huang CC, Sritunyalucksanab K, Soderhallc K, Song YL (2004) Molecular cloning and characterization of tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) transglutaminase. Dev Comp Immunol 28(4):279–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2003.08.005
Hurtado MA, Racotta IS, Arjona O, Hernandez-Rodriguez M, Goytortua E, Civera R, Palacios E (2006) Effect of hypo- and hyper-saline conditions on osmolarity and fatty acid composition of juvenile shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) fed low- and high-HUFA diets. Aquac Res 37(13):1316–1326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2006.01568.x
Hurtado MA, Racotta IS, Civera R, Ibarra L, Hernandez-Rodriguez M, Palacios E (2007) Effect of hypo- and hyper saline conditions on osmolality and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in juvenile shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fed low- and high-HUFA diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 147(3):703–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.07.002
Hussein AS, Alhadrami GA, Khalil YH (1998) The use of dates and date pits in broiler starter and finisher diets. Bioresour Technol 66(3):219–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(98)00054-6
Jacobson-Kram D, Keller KA (eds) (2001) Toxicology testing handbook. Marcel Dekker, New York
Jayasankar V, Jasmani S, Nomura T, Nohara S, Huong DTT, Wilder MN (2009) Low salinity rearing of the pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: acclimation, survival and growth of postlarvae and juveniles. Jpn Agr Res Q 43(4):345–350. https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.43.345
Joseph A, Philip R (2007) Acute salinity stress alters the hemolymph metabolic profile of Penaeus monodon and reduces immunocompetence to white spot syndrome virus infection. Aquaculture 272(1–4):87–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.08.047
Kakoolaki S, Sharifpour I, Afsharnasab M, Sepahdari A, Mehrabi MR, Ghaednia B, Nezamabadi H (2013) Effects of temperature on hematological and histopathological changes and survival rate of juvenile Fenneropenaeus vannamei experimentally challenged to white spot virus. Iran J Fish Sci 13(1):91–102
Lepage G, Roy CC (1984) Improved recovery of fatty acid through direct transesterification without prior extraction or purification. J Lipid Res 25(12):1391–1396
Li EC, Chen LQ, Zeng C, Chen XM, Yu N, Lai QM, Qin JG (2007) Growth, body composition, respiration and ambient ammonia nitrogen tolerance of the juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at different salinities. Aquaculture 265(1–4):385–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2007.02.018
Lin HZ, Tan XH, Zhou CP, Niu J, Xia DM, Huang Z, Wang J, Wang Y (2015) Effect of dietary arginine levels on the growth performance, feed utilization, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of juvenile golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus. Aquaculture 437:382–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.025
Lovell T (1998) Nutrition and feeding of fish, 2nd edn. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York
Oduro-Boateng F, Bart-Plange A (1988) Pito brewery waste as an alternative protein source to fishmeal in feeds for tilapia busumana. In: Pullin RSV, Bhukaswan T, Tonguthai K, Maclean JL (eds) Second international symposium on tilapia in aquaculture. 357, Manila: Iclarm Conf. Proc. No. 15
Osman MF, Alhadrami GA, Ben Zayed AA (2001) Sulfuric acid treated date pits as a dietary ingredient in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diets. Egypt J Nutr Feeds 4:753–754
Pakravan S, Akbarzadeh A, Sajjadi MM, Hajimoradloo A, Noori F (2017) Partial and total replacement of fish meal by marine microalga Spirulina platensis in the diet of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: growth, digestive enzyme activities, fatty acid composition and responses to ammonia and hypoxia stress. Aquac Res 48(11):5576–5585. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13379
Pakravan S, Akbarzadeh A, Sajjadi MM, Hajimoradloo A, Noori F (2018) Chlorella vulgaris meal improved growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, fatty acid composition and tolerance of hypoxia and ammonia stress in juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Nutr 24(1):594–604. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12594
Palacios E, Bonilla A, Pe’rez A, Racotta IS, Civera R (2004) Influence of highly unsaturated fatty acids on the responses of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) postlarvae to low salinity. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 299(2):201–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2003.09.007
Pascual C, Gaxiola G, Rosas C (2003) Blood metabolites and hemocyanin of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: the effect of culture conditions and a comparison with other crustacean species. Mar Biol 142(4):735–745. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0995-2
Pires DR, De Morais ACN, Coelho CCS, Marinho AF, Góes LCDSA, Augusta IM, Ferreira FS, Saldanha T (2018) Nutritional composition, fatty acids and cholesterol levels in Atlantic white shrimp (Litopenaeus schimitti). Int Food Res J 25(1):151–157
Rahman MS, Kasapis S, Al-Kharusi NSZ, Al-Marhubi IM, Khan AJ (2007) Composition characterisation and thermal transition of date pits powders. J Food Eng 80(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2006.04.030
Rosas C, Cuzon G, Gaxiola G, Pascual C, Taboada G, Arena L, Van Wormhoudt A (2002) An energetic and conceptual model of the physiological role of dietary carbohydrates and salinity on Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 268(1):47–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00370-7
Sotolu AO, Kigbu AA, Oshinowo AJ (2014) Supplementation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) seed as feed additive in the diets of juvenile African catfish (Burchell, 1822). J Fish Aquat Sci 9(5):359–365. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2014.359.365
Suprayudi MA, Takeuchi T, Hamasaki K (2004) Essential fatty acids for larval mud crab Scylla serrata: implications of lack of the ability to bioconvert C18 unsaturated fatty acids to highly unsaturated fatty acids. Aquaculture 231(1–4):403–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00542-8
Tseng YC, Hwang PP (2008) Some insights into energy metabolism for osmoregulation in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 148(4):419–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.04.009
Wang X, Li E, Xu Z, Li T, Xu C, Chen L (2017) Molecular response of carbohydrate metabolism to dietary carbohydrate and acute low salinity stress in pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Turk J Fish Aquat Sc 17:153–169. https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v17_1_18
Yousif OM (2012) The potential of dehydrated enteromorpha, Prosopis cineraria Linn. (Leguminosae) pods meal and date pits in formulated feed for bluespot grey mullet fry, Valamugil seheli (Forsskal). J Agric Vet Sci 13(1):36–45
Yousif OM, Osman MF, Alhadrami GA (1996) Evaluation of date and date pits as dietary ingredients in tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) diets differing in protein sources. Bioresour Technol 57(1):81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(96)00054-5
Yu MC, Li ZJ, Lin HZ, Wen GL, Ma S (2008) Effects of dietary Bacillus and medicinal herbs on the growth, digestive enzyme activity, and serum biochemical parameters of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquac Int 16(5):471–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-007-9159-1
Zhang SP, Li JF, Wu XC, Zhong WJ, Xian JA, Liao SA, Miao YT, Wang AL (2013) Effects of different dietary lipid level on the growth, survival and immune-relating genes expression in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 34(5):1131–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2013.01.016
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the personnel of Kolahi Shrimp Development and Training Center, Dr. Hosseini, Mr. Eslami, and Mr. Darvishi, for their help and providing facilities to carry out this work.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the Deputy of Research and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Iran, grant no. 96/200/1714.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
The experiments were conducted in accordance with the Iranian Society for The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Canadian Council on Animal Care.
Additional information
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akbarzadeh, A., Pakravan, S., Karimi, K. et al. Utilization of date seed meal in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei): growth performance, body and fatty acid composition, biochemical parameters, and tolerance of salinity stress. Aquacult Int 27, 647–661 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00352-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-019-00352-y