Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diet supplemented with Grifola gargal mushroom enhances growth, lipid content, and nutrient retention of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study examined the suitability of the edible mushroom Grifola gargal as a dietary supplement for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three treatments were established in triplicate using 50 fish (0.33 ± 0.01 g) held in 50-L containers. Treatments consisted of feeds (42–45% protein, ca. 18% lipid) supplemented with fruiting-bodies of G. gargal at 0 g kg−1 (control diet (CTRL)), 25 g kg−1 (GG25), or 100 g kg−1 (GG100). Fish were hand-fed to apparent satiation twice a day (except on Sundays) for 56 days. Feed intake and growth were recorded throughout the study, and fish body proximate composition and nutrient retention were assessed at the end of the trial. Fish given GG25 diet had better growth and feed utilization than those given the other feeds. Final body weight was 2.37 ± 0.04 g (CTRL), 4.07 ± 0.07 g (GG25), and 1.94 ± 0.06 g (GG100) and the thermal-unit growth coefficient increased significantly from 0.64 ± 0.01 in CTRL to 0.87 ± 0.01 in GG25. The feed efficiency and the protein efficiency ratio were best for fish fed GG25, and body lipid was 42.3 ± 2.6 g kg−1 in CTRL and 75.3 ± 1.5 g kg−1 in GG25 treatments. This coincided with a lower viscerosomatic index in the fish given GG25 than in those provided with the other feeds. These results suggest that dietary supplementation with G. gargal at 25 g kg−1 enhances growth and leads to improved feed utilization in small rainbow trout.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price includes VAT (Finland)

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

References

  • AOAC (1990) Official methods of analysis of AOAC, 15th edn. AOAC International, Arlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Baba E, Uluköy G, Önta C (2015) Effects of feed supplemented with Lentinula edodes mushroom extract on the immune response of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and disease resistance against Lactococcus garvieae. Aquaculture 448:476–482

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bervoets L, Van Campenhout K, Reynders H et al (2009) Bioaccumulation of micropollutants and biomarker responses in caged carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ecotox Environ Safe 72:720–728

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilen S, Ünal S, Güvensoy H (2016) Effects of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and nettle (Urtica dioica) methanolic extracts on immune responses and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 454:90–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang C, Huang SL, Chen S, Chen SN (2013) Innate immune responses and efficacy of using mushroom β-glucan mixture on orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides, aquaculture. Fish Shellfish Immun 35:115–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien L, Hwang D (2001) Effects of thermal stress and vitamin C on lipid peroxidation and fatty acid composition in the liver of thornfish Terapon jarbua. Comp Biochem Phys B 128:91–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen N, Cohen J, Asatiani MD et al (2014) Chemical composition and nutritional and medicinal value of fruit bodies and submerged cultured mycelia of culinary-medicinal higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms. Int J Med Mushrooms 16:273–291

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danell E, Eaker D (1992) Amino acid and total protein content of the edible mushroom Cantharellus cibarius (Fries). J Sci Food Agric 60:333–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Bruijn J, Loyola C, Aqueveque P et al (2008) Influence of heat treatment on the antioxidant properties of Grifola gargal hydro-alcoholic extracts. Micol Apl Int 1:27–34

    Google Scholar 

  • De Bruijn J, Loyola C, Aqueveque P et al (2009) Antioxidant properties of extracts obtained from Grifola gargal mushrooms. Micol Apl Int 21:11–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Djordjevic B, Skugor S, Jørgensen SM et al (2009) Modulation of splenic immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed lentinan, a β-glucan from mushroom Lentinula edodes. Fish Shellfish Immun 26:201–209

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobsíková R, Blahová J, Mikulíková I et al (2013) The effect of oyster mushroom β-1.3/1.6-D-glucan and oxytetracycline antibiotic on biometrical, haematological, biochemical, and immunological indices, and histopathological changes in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). Fish Shellfish Immun 35:1813–1823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas A, France J, Bureau DP (2007) Evidence of three growth stanzas in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) across life stages and adaptation of the thermal-unit growth coefficient. Aquaculture 267:139–146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2012) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 209

    Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2016) The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 200

    Google Scholar 

  • Glencross B, Booth M, Allan GL (2007) A feed is only as good as its ingredients—a review of ingredient evaluation strategies for aquaculture feeds. Aquac Nutr 13:17–34

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harada E, D’Alessandro-Gabazza CN, Toda M et al (2015a) Amelioration of atherosclerosis by the new medicinal mushroom Grifola gargal Singer. J of med food 00:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Harada E, Morizono T, Sumiya T, Meguro S (2015b) Production of Andean-Patagonic edible mushroom Grifola gargal on wood-based substrates. Mycoscience 56:616–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy R (2002) Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. In: Webster CD, Lim CE (eds) Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for aquaculture. CABI Publishing, New York, pp 184–202

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman J, Falvo M (2004) Protein—which is best? J Sports Sci Med 3:118–130

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ito T, Kato M, Tsuchida H et al (2011) Ergothioneine as an anti-oxidative/anti-inflammatory component in several edible mushrooms. Food Sci Technol Res 17:103–110

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalac P (2009) Chemical composition and nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms: a review. Food Chem 113:9–16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kamilya D, Ghosh D, Bandyopadhayay S et al (2006) In vitro effects of bovine lactoferrin, mushroom glucan and Abrus agglutinin on Indian major carp, catla (Catla catla) head kidney leukocytes. Aquaculture 253:130–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katya K, Yun Y, Park G et al (2014) Evaluation of the efficacy of fermented by-product of mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus, as a fish meal replacer in juvenile Amur catfish, Silurus asotus: effects on growth, serological characteristics and immune responses. Asian Austral J Anim Sci 27:1478–1486

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kiron V (2012) Fish immune system and its nutritional modulation for preventive health care. Animal Feed Sci Tech 173:111–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y, Du J, Cao L et al (2015) Anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatocyte damage in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Int Immunopharmacol 25:112–120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manayi A, Vazirian M, Zade FH, Tehranifard A (2016) Immunomodulation effect of aqueous extract of the artist’s conk medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma applanatum (Agaricomycetes), on the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Int J Med Mushrooms 18:927–933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morales AE, García-Rejón L, De La Higuera M (1990) Influence of handling and/or anaesthesia on stress response in rainbow trout. Effects on liver primary metabolism. Comp Biochem Phys A 95:87–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mostak A, Abdullah N, Shuib A et al (2015) Improvement of growth and antioxidant status in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fed diets supplemented with mushroom stalk waste hot water extract. Aquac Res 48:1146–1157

    Google Scholar 

  • Muin H, Taufek N, Abiodun R et al (2015) Effect of partial and complete replacement of fishmeal with mushroom stalk meal and soy bean meal on growth performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Sains Malays 44:511–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nikl L, Albright LJ, Evelyn T (1991) Influence of seven immunostimulants on the immune response of Coho salmon to Aeromonas salmonicida. Dis Aquat Org 12:7–12

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NRC (National Research Council) (1993) Nutrient requirements of fish. The National Academies Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Paripuranam T, Divya V, Ulaganathan P et al (2011) Replacing fish meal with earthworm and mushroom meals in practical diets of Labeo rohita and Hemigrammus caudovittatus fingerlings. Indian J Anim Res 45:115–119

  • Pearce J, Harris JE, Davies SJ (2003) The effect of vitamin E on the serum complement activity of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). Aquac Nutr 9:337–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postemsky PD, Curvetto NR (2014) Enhancement of wheat grain antioxidant activity by solid state fermentation with Grifola spp. J Med F 17:543–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Postemsky PD, Curvetto NR (2015) Submerged culture of Grifola gargal and G. sordulenta (higher Basidiomycetes) from Argentina as source of mycelia with antioxidant activity. Int J Med Mushrooms 17:65–76

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Postemsky PD, Palermo A, Curvetto NR (2011) Protective effects of new medicinal mushroom, Grifola gargal (higher Basidiomycetes) on induced DNA damage in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Med Mushrooms 13:583–594

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puangkaew J, Kiron V, Satoh S, Watanabe T (2005) Antioxidant defense of rainbow trout in relation to dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E contents. Comp Biochem Phys C 140:187–196

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajchenberg M (2002) The genus Grifola (Aphyllophorales, Basidiomycota) in Argentina revisited. Bol Soc Argent Bot 37:19–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Sartori SB, Ferreira LF, Messias TG et al (2015) Pleurotus biomass production on vinasse and its potential use for aquaculture feed. Mycology 6:28–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmeda-Hirschmann G, Razmilic I, Gutierrez M, Loyola J (1999) Proximate composition and biological activity of food plants gathered by chilean amerindians. Econ Bot 53:177–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soengas JL, Otero J, Fuentes J et al (1991) Preliminary studies on carbohydrate metabolism changes in domesticated rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) transferred to diluted seawater (12 ppt). Comp Biochem Phys B 98:53–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stamets P, Zwickey H (2014) Medicinal mushrooms: ancient remedies meet modern science. Integrative Med Clin J 13:46–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Toledo C, Barroetaveña C, Fernandes A et al (2016) Chemical and antioxidant properties of wild edible mushrooms from native Nothofagus spp. Forest, Argentina. Molecules 21:1201–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Doan H, Doolgindachbaporn S, Suksri A (2016) Effects of Eryngii mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) and Lactobacillus plantarum on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of Pangasius catfish (Pangasius bocourti, Sauvage 1880). Fish Phys Biochem 42:1427–1440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Handel E (1965) Estimation of glycogen in small amounts of tissue. Anal Biochem 11:256–265

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayan MM, Moon TW (1992) Acute handling stress alters hepatic glycogen metabolism in food deprived rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Can J Fish Aquat Sci 49:2260–2266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wani B, Bodha R, Wani (2010) Nutritional and medicinal importance of mushrooms. J Med Plant Res 4:2598–2604

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasser SP (2014) Medicinal mushroom science: current perspectives, advances, evidences, and challenges. Biom J 37:354–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf J, Wolfe M (2005) A brief overview of nonneoplastic hepatic toxicity in fish. Toxicol Pathol 33:75–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Woynarovich A, Hoitsy G, Moth-Poulsen T (2011) Small-scale rainbow trout farming. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper No. 561. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 81

  • Yin G, Ardó L, Thompson KD et al (2009) Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and Ganoderma lucidum) enhance immune response of carp Cyprinus carpio, and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish Shellfish Immun 26:140–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zar JH (1999) Biostatistical analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the grants CONICET PIP 11220130100529 and ANPCYT PICT 2013-1415 to CML. We also acknowledge funding by Ministerio de Seguridad, Trabajo y Ambiente de la Provincia de Neuquén. The authors wish to thank Sofia Mc Cabe, Julián Simon and Jorge Biorkman for their contributions to this work. We acknowledge two anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCo), CEAN, ruta provincial Nº 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina

    Mariano M. Pascual, Juan M. Castro & Carlos M. Luquet

  2. Laboratorio de Nutrición de Peces, CEAN, ruta provincial Nº 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina

    Juan P. Hualde

  3. Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del COMAHUE (CITAAC), CONICET–Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 8300, Neuquén, Argentina

    Virginia A. Bianchi

Authors
  1. Mariano M. Pascual
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Juan P. Hualde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Virginia A. Bianchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Juan M. Castro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Carlos M. Luquet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mariano M. Pascual.

Ethics declarations

The experimental protocols were approved by the Bioethics Committee, School of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, National University of Rosario, Argentina (6060/116).

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pascual, M.M., Hualde, J.P., Bianchi, V.A. et al. Diet supplemented with Grifola gargal mushroom enhances growth, lipid content, and nutrient retention of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquacult Int 25, 1787–1797 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0154-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-017-0154-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation