Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Optimum dietary lipid requirement of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles in relation to growth, fatty acid profile, body indices and digestive enzyme activity

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present experimental trial was conducted to determine the optimal dietary lipid requirement of juveniles of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (Sauvage, 1878) commonly referred to as the striped catfish using completely randomized design (CRD). Purified diets with five different dietary lipid levels (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%; fish oil/sunflower oil (1:1) were used to feed triplicate groups of Pangasius with initial mean weight of 13.54–14.12 g twice a day for 8 weeks. The highest weight gain (P < 0.05) was observed in fish fed with 9 and 12% lipid diets, followed by diet with 6% lipid, then by 15% lipid diet, and the lowest weight gain was observed in fish fed with 3% lipid. Other parameters such as specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) showed the same trend of weight gain. The hepatosomatic index (HSI), viscerosomatic index (VSI) and intraperitoneal fat (IPF) values increased with the increase of dietary lipid level. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P < 0.05) showed significant effects (P < 0.05) with variations in dietary lipid levels. The minimum FCR (1.95) was observed at 9% lipid inclusion-fed fishes and maximum FCR (3.53) was noticed at 3% lipid inclusion fed fishes. Higher and lower digestive enzyme activities were respectively observed in 9 and 15% lipid diets. The muscle fatty acid profile also varied with different dietary lipid levels. The higher level of ω-3, ω-6 fatty acid contents was recorded in the muscle of fish fed with 9% lipid diet, and lower level of fatty acid content was recorded in fish fed with 3% lipid diet. However, using second-order polynomial regression analysis, the optimal dietary lipid requirement of P. hypophthalmus juveniles was found to be 10.1%.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles and news from researchers in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.

References

  • Ai Q, Mai K, Li H, Zhang C, Zhang L, Duan Q, Tan B, Xu W, Ma H, Zhang W, Liufu Z (2004) Effects of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth and body composition of juvenile Japanese seabass, Lateolabrax japonicus. Aquaculture 230:507–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar MF, Jafri AK (1992) A preliminary observations on growth, feed conversion and body composition of catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis bloch, fed varying level of dietary lipid. J Inland Fish Soc India 24(2):45–49

    Google Scholar 

  • Anwar MF, Jafri AK (1995) Effect of varying dietary lipid levels on growth, feed conversion, nutrient retention and carcass composition of fingerling catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Asian Fish Sci 8:55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • AOAC, Cunniff PA (1995) Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, vol Vol. 1, 16th edn. AOAC International, Arlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballestrazzi R, Lanari D (1996) Growth, body composition and nutrient retention efficiency of growing sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) fed fish oil or fatty acid Ca salts. Aquaculture 139:101–108

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazaz MM, Keshavanath P (1993) Effect of feeding different levels of sardine oil on growth, muscle composition and digestive enzyme activities of mahseer, Tor khundree. Aquaculture 115:11–119

  • Bell JG, Sargent JR (2003) Arachidonic acid in aquaculture feeds: current status and future opportunities. Aquaculture 218:491–499

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berge GM, Storebakken T (1991) Effect of dietary fat level on weight gain, digestibility, and fillet composition of Atlantic halibut. Aquaculture 99:331–338

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas BK, Seung-Cheol J, Biswas AK, Seoka M, Yang-Su K, Ken-ichi K, Takii K (2009) Dietary protein and lipid requirements for the Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis juvenile. Aquaculture 288:114–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford MM (1976) A dye binding assay for protein. Anal Biochem 72:248–254

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cahu CL, Zambonino-Infante JL, Corraze G, Coves D (2000) Dietary lipid level affects fatty acid composition and hydrolase activities of intestinal brush border membrane in seabass. Fish Physiol Biochem 23:165–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaiyapechara S, Liu KKM, Barrows FT, Hardy RW, Dong FM (2003) Proximate composition, lipid oxidation and sensory characteristics of fillets from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed diets containing 10% to 30% lipid. J World Aquacult Soc 34:266–277

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cherry IS, Crandell LA Jr (1932) The specificity of pancreatic lipase: its appearance in blood after pancreatic injury. Am J Phys 100:266–273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva SS, Gunasekara RM, Shim KE (1991) Interaction of varying dietary protein and lipid levels in young red tilapia: evidence of protein sparing. Aquaculture 95:305–318

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Silva SS, Gunasekara RM, Gooley G, Ingram BA (2001) Growth of Australian short-fin eel (Anguilla australis) given different dietary protein and lipid level. Aquac Nutr 17:53–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Debnath D, Pal AK, Sahu NP, Yengkokpam S, Baruah K, Choudhury D, Venkateshwarlu G (2007) Digestive enzymes and metabolic profile of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed diets with different crude protein levels. Comp Biochem Physiol 146:107–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drapean G (1974) Protease from Staphylococcus aureus. In: Lorand L (ed) Methods in enzymology, vol Vol 45 B. Academic, New York, p. 469

    Google Scholar 

  • El-Sayed AM, Garling DL Jr (1988) Carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios in diets for Tilapia zilli fingerlings. Aquaculture 73:157–163

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folch J, Lees M, Stanley G (1957) A simple method of the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 226:497–509

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gangadhara B, Nandeesha MC, Varghese TJ, Keshvanath P (1997) Effect of varying protein and lipid levels on the growth of rohu, Labeo rohita. Asian Fish Sci 10:139–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Garling DL, Wilson RP (1976) Optimum dietary protein to energy ratio for channel catfish fingerlings, Ictalurus punctatus. J Nutr 16:1368–1375

    Google Scholar 

  • Garling DL, Wilson RP (1977) Effects of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth and body composition of fingerlings channel catfish. Prog Fish-Cult 39(1):43–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gawlicka A, Herold MA, Barrows FT, Nouve J, Hung SS (2002) Effects of dietary lipids on growth, fatty acid composition, intestinal absorption and hepatic storage in white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus R.) larvae. J Appl Ichthyol 18:673–681

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaylord TG, Gatlin DM (2000) Dietary lipid level but not -carnitine affects growth performance of hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops ♀×M. saxatilis ♂). Aquaculture 190:237–246

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanawi J, Roy L, Davis DA, Saoud IP (2011) Effect of dietary lipid levels on growth performance of marbled spine foot rabbit fish Siganus rivulatus. Aquaculture 310:395–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanely F (1991) Effect of feeding supplementary diets containing varying levels of lipids on growth, feed conversion and body composition of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L). Aquaculture 93:323–334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hemre GI, Sandnes K (1999) Effect of dietary lipid level on muscle composition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Aquaculture 5:9–16

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hillestad M, Johnsen F, Austreng E, Ausgard T (1998) Long term effects of dietary fat level and feeding rate on growth, feed utilization and carcass quality of Atlantic salmon. Aquac Nutr 4:89–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jafri AK, Anwar MF, Usmani N, Samjad R, Alvi AS (1995) Influence of dietary lipid levels on the growth and body composition of fingerlings of an Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham). J AquaTrop 10:151–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Jahan P, Watanabe T, Satoh S, Kiron V (2002) A laboratory-based assessment of phosphorous and nitrogen loading from currently available carp feeds. Fisheries Sci 68:579–586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawai S, Ikeda S (1972) Studies on digestive enzymes of fishes. II. Effect of dietary change on the activities of digestive enzymes in carp intestine. Bull Jp Soc Sci Fish 38(3):265–270

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin YH, Shaiu SY (2003) Dietary lipid requirement of grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus and effects on immune responses. Aquaculture 225:243–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ling S, Hashim R, Kolkovski S, Chong ASC (2006) Effects of varying dietary lipid and protein levels on growthand reproductive performance of female swordtail (Xiphorus helleri, Poeciliidae). Aquac Res 37:1267–1275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez LM, Durazo E, Viana MT, Drawbridge M, Dominique PB (2006) Effect of dietary lipid levels on performance, body composition and fatty acid profile of juvenile white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis. Aquaculture 289:101–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell RT (1989) Nutrition and feeding of fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Chapman and Hall, New York, 253 p.

  • Marais JFK, Kissil GWM (1979) The influence of energy level on the feed intake, growth, food conversion and body composition of Sparus aurata. Aquaculture 17:203–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miller CL, Davis DA, Phelps RP (2005) Effects of dietary protein and lipid on growth and body composition of juvenile and sub-adult red snapper (Lutjanus compechanus, Poey 1860). Aquac Res 36:52–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Millikin MR (1983) Interactive effects of dietary protein and lipid on growth and protein utilization of age-O-stripped bass. Trans Am Fish Soc 112:185–193

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohanta KN, Mohanty SN, Jena JK, Sahu NP (2008) Optimal dietary lipid level of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlings in relation to growth, nutrient retention and digestibility, muscle nucleic acid content and digestive enzyme activity. Aquac Nutr 14:350–359

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mourente G, Tocher DR (1993) Incorporation and metabolism of 14C labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids in wild-caught juveniles of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) in vivo. Fish Physiol Biochem 12:119–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murthy HS (2002) Indian major carps. In: Nutrient requirements and feeding of finfish for Aquaculture (ed. Webster, C.D. and Lim, C). 262-271 pp

  • Raj AJA, Haniffa MA, Seetharaman S, Appelbaum S (2007) Effect of dietary lipid levels on survival and growth of the threatened freshwater catfish Mystus montanus. E U J Fish Aquati Sci 24(1–2):51–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Rick W, Stegbauer HP (1974) Amylase measurement of reducing groups. In: Bergmeyer HV (ed) Methods of enzymatic analysis, vol Vol. 2, 2nd edn. Academic, New York, pp. 885–889pp

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ruohonen K, Vielme J, Groove DJ (1999) Low-protein supplement increases protein retention and reduces the amount of nitrogen and phosphorous wasted by rainbow trout fed on low-fat herring. Aquac Nutr 5:83–91

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salhi M, Bessonart M, Chediak G, Bellagamba M, Carnevia D (2004) Growth, feed utilization and body composition of black catfish, Rhamdi aquqlqn fry fed diets containing different protein and energy levels. Aquaculture 231:435–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santinha PJM, Medale F, Corraze G, Gomes EFS (1999) Effects of the dietary protein/lipid ratio on growth and nutrients utilization in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L). Aquac Nutr 5:147–156

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sargent JR, Tocher DR, Bell JG (2002) The lipids. In: Halver JE, Hardy RW (eds) Fish nutrition. Academic, San Diego, pp. 181–257pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent J, Henderson RJ, Tocher DR (1989) The lipids. In: Halver JE (ed) Fish nutrition. Academic, London, pp. 154–209

    Google Scholar 

  • Sargent JR, Bell G, McEvoy L, Tocher D, Estevez A (1999) Recent development in the essential fatty acids nutrition of fish. Aquaculture 177:191–199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Satpathy BB, Mukherjee D, Ray AK (2003) Effect of dietary protein and lipid levels on growth, feed conversion and body composition in rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings. Aquac Nutr 9:17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherbina MA, Trofimova LN, Kazlatene OP (1976) The activity of protease and intensity of protein absorption with the induction of different quantities of fat into the carp, Cyprinus carpio. J Ichthyol 16:632–636

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams KC, Barlow CG, Rodgers L, Hockings I, Agcopra C, Ruscoe I (2003) Asian seabass Lates calcarifer perform well when fed pelleted diets high in protein and lipid. Aquaculture 225:191–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winfree RA, Stickney RR (1984) Formulation and processing of hatchery diets for channel catfish. Aquaculture 41:311–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeitler MH, Kirchgessher M, Schwarz FJ (1984) Effect of different protein and energy supplies on carcass composition of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquaculture 36:37–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors thank Dr. W. S. Lakra, Ex-Director & Vice-Chancellor, ICAR-CIFE for permitting us to do the research work in this esteemed institution. We also would like to thank Dr. G. Venkateswarlu, Ex-Dean (Academics), CIFE, for providing all the facilities needed for the successful completion of the research work. Authors also acknowledge Mary J. Nickum for English editing of the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

    T. Sivaramakrishnan, K. Saravanan & J. Praveenraj

  2. Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    N. P. Sahu, K. K. Jain, A.P. Muralidhar & N. Artheeswaran

  3. Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

    S. Ferosekhan

Authors
  1. T. Sivaramakrishnan
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. P. Sahu
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. K. Jain
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A.P. Muralidhar
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  5. K. Saravanan
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Ferosekhan
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  7. J. Praveenraj
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  8. N. Artheeswaran
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Sivaramakrishnan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sivaramakrishnan, T., Sahu, N.P., Jain, K.K. et al. Optimum dietary lipid requirement of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus juveniles in relation to growth, fatty acid profile, body indices and digestive enzyme activity. Aquacult Int 25, 941–954 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0090-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-016-0090-1

Keywords