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Goods and services of extensive aquaculture: shellfish culture and nutrient trading

  • European Aquaculture Development since 1993
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Abstract

Bivalve shellfish play an important role in top-down control of primary symptoms of eutrophication. This short-circuits the process of organic decomposition and promotes an enhancement of underwater light climate, improved oxygenation of bottom water, and restoration of submerged aquatic vegetation. This review analyses this ecosystem service as a potential actor in watershed-level nutrient credit trading programmes and explores the possibilities of implementation of such programmes in Europe. We examine the different components of the issue, including the eutrophication status of European coastal waters, legal and management instruments, and the use of mathematical models at both the ecosystem and farm scales to evaluate the potential removal of nitrogen by cultivated shellfish such as oysters, mussels, and clams. The annual European bivalve shellfish production of over 700,000 metric tons is estimated to generate a nitrogen removal of 46,800 t year−1, equivalent to 14 × 106 population equivalent, and a minimum value of 507 × 106 €. We discuss future directions for this topic in Europe, drawing from ongoing research in the USA and elsewhere, in the light of the twin challenges of European aquaculture expansion and implementation of EU directives.

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Notes

  1. This review focuses on nitrogen since it is generally the limiting nutrient for primary production in estuarine and coastal systems.

  2. Defined as cultivation of different trophic levels at the system scale (e.g. embayment, fjord, estuary), promoting ecosystem services at that scale, rather than direct benefits from cultivation at close proximity (such as seen in ponds in Asia).

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Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge support from the EU IDREEM (FP7) and AQUASPACE (H2020) projects and from the EPA/NOAA RESERV project. We are additionally grateful to Shawn Robinson and Peter Cranford, DFO Canada, for text suggestions, and to all our colleagues on the various project teams mentioned above.

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  1. New University of Lisbon, DCEA, FCT, Qta Torre, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal

    J. G. Ferreira

  2. NOAA - National Ocean Service, NCCOS, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, 20910, USA

    S. B. Bricker

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  1. J. G. Ferreira
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Correspondence to J. G. Ferreira.

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Guest editors: Elena Mente & Aad Smaal / European Aquaculture Development since 1993: The benefits of aquaculture to Europe and the perspectives of European aquaculture production.

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Ferreira, J.G., Bricker, S.B. Goods and services of extensive aquaculture: shellfish culture and nutrient trading. Aquacult Int 24, 803–825 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-015-9949-9

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