Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Amino acids composition and protein quality evaluation of marine species and meals for feed formulations in cephalopods

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The amino acid composition and protein levels of three species of cephalopods (Octopus vulgaris, Loligo gahi and Todarodes sagittatus), the natural diets of common octopus (O. vulgaris) and different kinds of meals were determined in order to optimise the content of these nutrients in artificial feeds. Arginine, leucine and lysine were the most abundant essential amino acids in cephalopods, while glutamate and aspartate represented the main non-essential amino acids. Arginine and leucine were the limiting amino acid in most samples, with maximum Chemical Score values for mussel (79–98 %), squid (84 %) and crustaceans (65–91 %); medium for fish (41–70 %); and minimum for meals (29–64 %). Mussel, squid, crustaceans and fish showed a high essential amino acid index according to Oser (OI: 88–99 %) suggesting a suitable amino acid balance. The protein from animal meals (fish and krill) covered all the essential amino acids except arginine and lysine in fish meal. The vegetable meal presented the worst amino acid balance (OI: 74–89 %) with several deficiencies in essential amino acids, including arginine, threonine, lysine and methionine. Supplementation with arginine or leucine and protein complementation of crustaceans and bivalves with fish or animal meal are proposed as alternatives for improving the performance of protein in feed for cephalopods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AA:

Amino acid

AAR:

Amino acid ratio

CS:

Chemical Score

OI:

Oser’s Index

References

  • Aguado Giménez F, García García B (2002) Growth and food intake models in Octopus vulgaris Cuvier (1797): influence of body weight, temperature, sex and diet. Aquacult Int 10:361–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguila J, Cuzon G, Pascual C, Domingues PM, Gaxiola G, Sánchez A, Maldonado T, Rosas C (2007) The effects of fish hydrolysate (CPSP) level on Octopus maya (Voss and Solis) diet: digestive enzyme, blood metabolites, and energy balance. Aquaculture 273:641–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AOAC (1997) Official methods of analysis, 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Babarro JMF, Fernández Reiriz MJ (2006) Variability of taurine concentrations in Mytilus galloprovincialis as a function of body size and specific tissue. Comp Biochem Physiol 145B:94–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baeza-Rojano E, García S, Garrido D, Guerra-García JM, Domingues PM (2010) Use of Amphipods as alternative prey to culture cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) hatchlings. Aquaculture 300:243–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandarra NM, Batista I, Nunes ML, Empis JM, Christie WW (1997) Seasonal changes in lipid composition of Sardine (Sardine pilchardus). J Food Sci 62:40–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biandolino F, Portacci G, Prato E (2010) Influence of natural diet on growth and biochemical composition of Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797. Aquac Int 18:1163–1175

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boletzky SV, Hanlon RT (1983) A review of the laboratory maintenance, rearing and culture of cephalopod molluscs. Mem Natl Mus Vic 44:147–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosch L, Alegría A, Farré R (2006) Application of the 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysccinimidyl carbamate (AQC) reagent to the RP-HPLC determination of amino acids in infant foods. J Chromatogr B 831:176–183

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cagnetta P, Sublimi A (2000) Productive performance on the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris C.) when fed on a monodiet. CIHEAM Cah Options Méditerr 47:331–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Castro BG, Lee PG (1994) The effect of semi-purified diets on growth and condition of Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Comp Biochem Physiol 109:1007–1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerezo Valverde J, Hernández MD, Aguado-Giménez F, García García B (2008) Growth, feed efficiency, and condition of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) fed on two formulated moist diets. Aquaculture 275:266–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cerezo Valverde J, Hernández MD, García-Garrido S, Rodríguez C, Estefanell J, Gairín JI, Rodríguez CJ, Tomás A, García García B (2012a) Lipid classes from marine species and meals intended for cephalopod feeding. Aquac Int 20:71–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cerezo Valverde J, Hernández MD, Aguado-Giménez F, Morillo-Velarde PS, García García B (2012b) Performance of formulated diets with different level of lipids and glutamate supplementation in Octopus vulgaris. Aquac Res. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2012.03201.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapela A, González AF, Dawe EG, Rocha F, Guerra A (2006) Growth of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) in cages suspended from rafts. Sci Mar 70:121–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cho CY, Bureau DP (2001) A review of diet formulation strategies and feeding systems to reduce excretory and feed wastes in aquaculture. Aquac Res 32:349–360

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Aniello A, Nardi G, De Santis A, Vetere A, di Cosmo A, Marchelli R, Dossena A, Fisherl G (1995) Free l-amino acids and d-aspartate content in the nervous system of Cephalopoda. A comparative study. Comp Biochem Physiol 112B:661–666

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies SJ, Gouveia A, Laporte J, Woodgate SL, Nates S (2009) Nutrient digestibility profile of premium (category III grade) animal protein by-products for temperate marine fish species (European sea bass, gilthead sea bream and turbot). Aquac Res 40:1759–1769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingues PM, Dimarco FP, Andrade JP, Lee PG (2005) Effect of artificial diets on growth, survival and condition of adult cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758. Aquac Int 13:423–440

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Domingues PM, Ferreira A, Marquez L, Andrade JP, López N, Rosas C (2008) Growth, absorption and assimilation efficiency by mature cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) fed with alternative and artificial diets. Aquac Int 3:215–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Estefanell J, Roo J, Alfonso JM, Fernández-Palacios H, Izquierdo M, Socorro J (2011) Efficient utilization of dietary lipids in Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier 1797) fed fresh and agglutinated moist diets based on aquaculture by-products and low price trash species. Aquac Res. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2109.2011.03014.x

    Google Scholar 

  • García García B, Cerezo Valverde J (2006) Optimal proportions of crabs and fish in diet for common octopus (Ocotpus vulgaris) ongrowing. Aquaculture 253:502–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García García J, García García B (2011) Econometric model of viability/profitability of octopus (Octopus vulgaris) ongrowing in sea cages. Aquac Int. doi:10.1007/s10499-011-9432-1

    Google Scholar 

  • García García B, Cerezo Valverde J, Aguado-Giménez F, García García J (2009) Growth and mortality of common octopus Octopus vulgaris reared at different stocking densities in Mediterranean offshore cages. Aquac Res 40:1202–1212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Garrido S, Hachero-Cruzado I, Garrido D, Rosas C, Domingues PM (2010) Lipid composition of mantle and digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris juveniles (Cuvier, 1797) exposed to prolonged starvation. Aquac Int 18:1223–1241

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George-Zamora A, Viana MT, Rodríguez S, Espinoza G, Rosas C (2011) Amino acid mobilization and growth of juvenile Octopus maya (Mollusca:Cephalopoda) under inanition and re-feeding. Aquaculture 314:215–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerra A, Nixon M (1987) Crab and mollusc shell drilling by Octopus vulgaris (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Ria de Vigo (north-west Spain). J Zool Lond 211:515–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iglesias J, Sánchez FJ, Bersano JGF, Carrasco JF, Dhont J, Fuentes L, Linares F, Muñoz JL, Okumura S, Roo FJ, van der Meeren T, Vidal EAG, Villanueva R (2007) Rearing of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae: present status, bottlenecks and trends. Aquaculture 266:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaushik SJ, Covès D, Dutto G, Blanc D (2004) Almost total replacement of fish meal by plant protein sources in the diet of a marine teleost, the European seabass, Dicentrarchux labrax. Aquaculture 230:391–404

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ketola HG (1982) Amino acid nutrition of fishes: requirements and supplementation of diets. Comp Biochem Physiol 73:17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee PG (1994) Metabolic substrates in cephalopods. In: Pörtner HO, O’Dor RK, MacMillan DL (eds) Physiology of Cephalopod Mollusc. Lifestyle and performance adaptations. Gordon and Breach Publishers, Basel

    Google Scholar 

  • López M, Rodríguez C, Carrasco JF (2009) Engorde de juveniles de pulpo (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797) con distintas dietas naturales y artificiales. In: Beaz D, Villarroel M, Cárdenas S (Eds). Book of abstracts. XII Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura, Madrid, 24–26 Nov, pp 170–171

  • Luzia LA, Sampaio GR, Castellucci CMN, Torres EAFS (2003) The influence of season on the lipid profiles of five commercially important species of Brazilian fish. Food Chem 83:93–97

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morillo-Velarde PS, Cerezo Valverde J, Serra Llinares RM, García García B (2011) Energetic contribution of carbohydrates during starvation in common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). J Molluscan Stud 77:318–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro JC, Villanueva R (2003) The fatty acid composition of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae reared with live and inert food: deviation from their natural fatty acid profile. Aquaculture 219:613–631

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Dor RK, Mangold K, Boucher-Rodoni R, Wells MJ, Wells J (1984) Nutrient absorption, storage and remobilization in Octopus vulgaris. Mar Behav Physiol 11:239–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oser BL (1951) Method for integrating essential amino acid content in the nutritional evaluation of protein. J Am Diet Assoc 27:396–402

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozogul Y, Duysak O, Ozogul F, Özkütük AL, Türeli C (2008) Seasonal effects in the nutritional quality of the body structural tissue of cephalopods. Food Chem 108:847–852

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pazos AJ, Sánchez JL, Román G, Pérez-Parallé ML, Abad M (2003) Seasonal changes in lipid classes and fatty acid composition in the digestive gland of Pecten maximus. Comp Biochem Physiol 134B:367–380

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prato E, Portacci G, Biandolino F (2010) Effect of diet on growth performance, feed efficiency and nutritional composition of Octopus vulgaris. Aquaculture 309:203–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quintana D, Domingues PM, García S (2008) Effect of two artificial wet diets agglutinated with gelatin on feed and growth performance of common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) sub-adults. Aquaculture 280:161–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson JD, Cowey CB, Leaf G (1992) The free amino acids in muscle of three marine invertebrates Nephrops norvegicus (L.), Limulus polyphemus (L.) and Eledone cirrhosa (Lamarck). Comp Biochem Physiol 101A:545–548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez C, Carrasco JF, Arronte JC, Rodríguez M (2006) Common octopus (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797) juvenile ongrowing in floating cages. Aquaculture 254:293–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa R, Costa PR, Nunes ML (2004) Effect of sexual maturation on the tissue biochemical composition of Octopus vulgaris and O. defilippi (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Mar Biol 145:563–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosa R, Pereira J, Nunes ML (2005) Biochemical composition of cephalopods with different life strategies, with special reference to a giant squid, Architeuthis sp. Mar Biol 146:739–751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosas C, Tut J, Baeza J, Sánchez A, Sosa V, Pascual C, Arena L, Domingues PM, Cuzon G (2008) Effect of type of binder on growth, digestibility, and energetic balance of Octopus maya. Aquaculture 275:291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez M, Hernández MD, Cerezo Valverde J, García García B (2009) Protein and lipid digestibility in common octopus (Octopus vulgaris). In: Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium (CIAC’09). September 3rd–11th 2009, Vigo, Spain, p 86

  • Sánchez-Lozano N, Martínez-Llorens S, Tomás-Vidal A, Jover Cerdá M (2009) Effect of high-level fish meal replacement by pea and rice concentrate protein on growth, nutrient utilization and fillet quality in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata, L.). Aquaculture 298:83–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuhmacher A, Wax C, Gropp JM (1997) Plasma amino acids in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed intact protein or a crystalline amino acid diet. Aquaculture 151:15–28

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiça Neves MM, Cerezo Valverde J, García García B (2010) Digestibility of a formulated diet with alginate as binder in octopus (Octopus vulgaris). In: EAS Aquaculture Europe 2010. Book of abstracts. Porto, Portugal. 5–8 Oct. 2010, 500–501

  • Thomas M, van Vliet T, van der Poel AFB (1998) Physical quality of pelleted animal feed 3. Contribution of feedstuff components. Anim Feed Sci Technol 70:59–78

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaz-Pires P, Seixas P, Barbosa A (2004) Aquaculture potential of the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797): a review. Aquaculture 238:221–238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R, Koueta N, Riba J, Boucaud-Camou E (2002) Growth and proteolytic activity of Octopus vulgaris paralarvae with different food ratios during first feeding, using Artemia nauplii and compound diets. Aquaculture 205:269–286

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueva R, Riba J, Ruíz-Capillas C, González AV, Baeta M (2004) Amino acid composition of early stages of cephalopods and effect of amino acid dietary treatments on Ocotpus vulgaris paralarvae. Aquaculture 242:455–478

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zlatanos S, Laskaridis K, Feist C, Sagredos A (2006) Proximate composition, fatty acid analysis and protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score of three Mediterranean cephalopods. Mol Nutr Food Res 50:967–970

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Project financed by the National Marine Culture Plans of JACUMAR.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. IMIDA-Acuicultura, Consejería de Agricultura y Agua de la Región de Murcia, Puerto de San Pedro del Pinatar, Apdo. 65, 30740, San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain

    Jesús Cerezo Valverde & Benjamín García García

  2. Research Group of Aquaculture and Biodiversity, Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Camino de Vera, 14, 46071, Valencia, Spain

    Silvia Martínez-Llorens, Ana Tomás Vidal & Miguel Jover

  3. Centro de Experimentación Pesquera, Consejería de Medio Rural y Pesca, El Muelle, s/n, 33760, Castropol, Asturias, Spain

    Carmen Rodríguez

  4. Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas & Instituto Universitario de Sanidad Animal y Seguridad Alimentaria, PO Box 56, 35200, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain

    Juán Estefanell

  5. Institut de Recerca i Tecnología Agroalimentaries, Ctra. de Poble Nou, s/n, Apdo, 200, 43540, Carles de la Rápita, Tarragona, Spain

    Joan I. Gairín

  6. Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Subida a Radiofaro no 50, Canido, 36390, Vigo, Spain

    Pedro Miguel Domingues

  7. Tecnología de Productos Pesqueros, Instituto de Investigaciones y Análisis Alimentarias (IIAA), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain

    Carlos J. Rodríguez

Authors
  1. Jesús Cerezo Valverde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Silvia Martínez-Llorens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ana Tomás Vidal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Miguel Jover
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Carmen Rodríguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Juán Estefanell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Joan I. Gairín
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Pedro Miguel Domingues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Carlos J. Rodríguez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Benjamín García García
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jesús Cerezo Valverde.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Valverde, J.C., Martínez-Llorens, S., Vidal, A.T. et al. Amino acids composition and protein quality evaluation of marine species and meals for feed formulations in cephalopods. Aquacult Int 21, 413–433 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9569-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-012-9569-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation