Abstract
To address the paucity of experimental data on well-documented turbulent jet flames at elevated pressures, a high pressure rig has been used to explore turbulent nonpremixed syngas flames at elevated pressures and very high Reynolds numbers. Composite images of the flames reveal small changes in flame length that are in agreement with previous empirical correlations. OH-PLIF images are used to visualize the flame structure, revealing an OH layer that gets progressively thinner as pressure increases. A corrugation factor is defined and used to show that flame front corrugation is influenced by increases in Reynolds number and axial distance from the nozzle, but not pressure.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.








References
Bilger, R.W.: Turbulent jet diffusion flames. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 1, 87–109 (1976)
Gicquel, L.Y.M., Staffelbach, G., Poinsot, T.: Large Eddy Simulations of gaseous flames in gas turbine combustion chambers. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 38, 782–817 (2012)
Oefelein, J.C., Schefer, R.W., Barlow, R.S.: Toward validation of Large Eddy Simulation for turbulent combustion. AIAA J. 44(3), 418–433 (2006)
Bray, K.N.C.: The challenge of turbulent combustion. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 26, 1–26 (1996)
Bilger, R.W., Pope, S.B., Bray, K.N.C., Driscoll, J.F.: Paradigms in turbulent combustion research. Proc. Combust. Inst. 30, 21–42 (2005)
Pitsch, H., Steiner, H.: Large-eddy simulation of a turbulent piloted methane/air diffusion flame (Sandia flame D). Phys. Fluids 12(10), 2541–2554 (2000)
Strahle, W.C.: Preface to “Evaluation of data on simple turbulent reacting flows”. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 12, 253–255 (1986)
Faeth, G.M., Samuelsen, G.S.: Fast reaction nonpremixed combustion. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 12, 305–372 (1986)
Drake, M.C., Kollmann, W.: Slow chemistry nonpremixed flows. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 12, 373–392 (1986)
Masri, A.R., Dibble, R.W., Barlow, R.S.: The structure of turbulent nonpremixed flames revealed by Raman-Rayleigh-LIF measurements. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 22, 307–362 (1996)
Pope, S.B.: Computations of turbulent combustion: progress and challenges. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 23, 591–612 (1990)
TNF workshop - International workshop on measurement and computation of turbulent nonpremixed flames. https://tnfworkshop.org/
Barlow, R.S., Carter, C.D.: Relationships among nitric oxide, temperature, and mixture fraction in hydrogen jet flames. Combust. Flame 104, 288–299 (1996)
Barlow, R.S., Fiechtner, G.J., Carter, C.D., Chen, J.-Y.: Experiments on the scalar structure of turbulent CO/H2/N2 jet flames. Combust. Flame 120, 549–569 (2000)
Meier, W., Barlow, R.S., Chen, Y.-L., Chen, J.-Y.: Raman/Rayleigh/LIF measurements in a turbulent CH4/H2/N2 jet diffusion flame: experimental techniques and turbulence-chemistry interaction. Combust. Flame 123, 326–343 (2000)
Rankin, B.A., Magnotti, G., Barlow, R.S., Gore, J.P.: Radiation intensity imaging measurements of methane and dimethyl ether turbulent nonpremixed and partially premixed jet flames. Combust. Flame 161, 2849–2859 (2014)
Frank, J.H., Barlow, R.S., Lundquist, C.: Radiation and nitric oxide formation in turbulent non-premixed jet flames. Proc. Combust. Inst. 28, 447–454 (2000)
Dally, B.B., Fletcher, D.F., Masri, A.R.: Flow and mixing fields of turbulent bluff-body jets and flames. Combust. Theory Model. 2, 193–219 (1998)
Stahler, T., Geyer, D., Magnotti, G., Trunk, P., Dunn, M.J., Barlow, R.S., Dreizler, A.: Multiple conditioned analysis of the turbulent stratified flame A. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36, 1947–1955 (2017)
Sweeney, M.S., Hochgreb, S., Dunn, M.J., Barlow, R.S.: The structure of turbulent stratified and premixed methane/air flames II: swirling flows. Combust. Flame 159, 2912–2929 (2012)
Barlow, R.S., Meares, S., Magnotti, G., Cutcher, H., Masri, A. R.: Local extinction and near-field structure in piloted turbulent CH4/air jet flames with inhomogeneous inlets. Combust. Flame 162, 3516–3540 (2015)
Flower, W.L.: An investigation of soot formation in axisymmetric turbulent diffusion flames at elevated pressure. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 22, 425–435 (1988)
Young, K.J., Stewart, C.D., Moss, J.B.: Soot formation in turbulent nonpremixed kerosine-air flames burning at elevated pressure: experimental measurement. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 25, 609–617 (1994)
Fischer, B.A., Moss, J.B.: The influence of pressure on soot production and radiation in turbulent kerosine spray flames. Combust. Sci. Technol. 138, 43–61 (1998)
Brookes, S.J., Moss, J.B.: Measurements of soot production and thermal radiation from confined turbulent jet diffusion flames of methane. Combust. Flame 116, 49–61 (1999)
Clemens, N.T., Paul, P.H., Mungal, M.G.: The structure of OH fields in high Reynolds number turbulent jet diffusion flames. Combust. Sci. Technol. 129, 165–184 (1997)
Barlow, R.S.: Laser diagnostics and their interplay with computations to understand turbulent combustion. Proc. Combust. Inst. 31, 49–75 (2007)
Hawthorne, W.R., Weddell, D.S., Hottel, H.C.: Mixing and combustion in turbulent gas jets. In: 3rd Symposium on Combustion Flame and Explosion Phenomena, pp 266–288 (1949)
Becker, H.A., Liang, D.: Visible length of vertical free turbulent diffusion flames. Combust. Flame 32, 115–137 (1978)
Kalghatgi, G.T.: Lift-off heights and visible lengths of vertical turbulent jet diffusion flames in still air. Combust. Sci. Technol. 41, 17–29 (1984)
Delichatsios, M.A.: Transition from momentum to buoyancy-controlled turbulent jet diffusion flames and flame height relationships. Combust. Flame 92, 349–364 (1993)
Hwang, J, Sohn, K, Bouvet, N, Yoon, Y: NOx scaling of Syngas H2/CO turbulent non-premixed jet flames. Combust. Sci. Technol. 185(12), 1715–1734 (2013)
Hu, L, Wang, Q, Delichatsios, M, Tang, F, Zhang, X, Lu, S: Flame height and lift-off of turbulent buoyant jet diffusion flames in a reduced pressure atmosphere. Fuel 109, 234–240 (2013)
Seitzman, J.M., Üngüt, A., Paul, P.H., Hanson, R.K.: Imaging and characterization of OH structures in a turbulent nonpremixed flame. Symp. (Int.) Combust. 23, 637–644 (1990)
Kothnur, P.S., Tsurikov, M. S., Clemens, N. T., Donbar, J. M., Carter, C. D.: Planar imaging of CH, OH, and velocity in turbulent non-premixed jet flames. Proc. Combust. Inst. 29, 1921–1927 (2002)
Gordon, R.L., Masri, A.R., Mastorakos, E.: Heat release rate as represented by [OH]×[CH2O] and its role in autoignition. Combust. Theory Model. 13(4), 645–670 (2009)
Chi, C, Janiga, G, Abdelsamie, A, Zähringer, K, Turányi, T, Thévenin, D: DNS study of the optimal chemical markers for heat release in Syngas flames. Flow Turbul. Combust. 98, 1117–1132 (2017)
Boyette, W.R., Elbaz, A.M., Guiberti, T.F., Roberts, W.L.: Experimental investigation of the near field in sooting turbulent nonpremixed flames at elevated pressures. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 105, 332–341 (2019)
TNF Workshop - CO/H2/N2 Jet Flames. https://tnfworkshop.org/data-archives/simplejet/sandchn/
Canny, J.: A computational approach to edge detection. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 8(6), 679–698 (1986)
Bayley, A.E., Hardalupas, Y., Taylor, A.M. K. P.: Local curvature measurements of a lean, partially premixed swirl-stabilised flame. Exp. Fluids 52, 963–983 (2012)
Coriton, B., Zendehdel, M., Ukai, S., Kronenburg, A., Stein, O.T., Im, S.K., Gamba, M., Frank, J.H.: Imaging measurements and LES-CMC modeling of a partially-premixed turbulent dimethyl ether/air jet flame. Proc. Combust. Inst. 35, 1251–1258 (2015)
Matynia, A., Molet, J., Roche, C., Idir, M., de Persis, S., Pillier, L.: Measurement of OH concentration profiles by laser diagnostics and modeling in high-pressure counterflow premixed methane/air and biogas/air flames. Combust. Flame 159(11), 3300–3311 (2012)
Takagi, T., Shin, H., Ishio, A.: Local laminarization in turbulent diffusion flames. Combust. Flame 37(2), 163–170 (1980)
Kaiser, S.A., Frank, J.H.: Spatial scales of extinction and dissipation in the near field of non-premixed turbulent jet flames. Proc. Combust. Inst. 32, 1639–1646 (2009)
Prasad, V.N., Juddoo, M., Masri, A. R., Jones, W. P., Luo, K.H.: Investigation of extinction and re-ignition in piloted turbulent non-premixed methane–air flames using LES and high-speed OH-LIF. Combust. Theory Model. 17(3), 483–503 (2013)
Acknowledgements
The research reported in this publication was supported by funding from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST).
Funding
This study was funded by King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (no grant number).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boyette, W.R., Guiberti, T.F., Elbaz, A.M. et al. High-Speed Imaging of Turbulent Nonpremixed Syngas Flames at Elevated Pressures. Flow Turbulence Combust 103, 871–885 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-019-00040-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-019-00040-0
Keywords
- High pressure
- Turbulent nonpremixed flames
- Syngas