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Effects of Residual Burnt Gas Heterogeneity on Cyclic Variability in Lean-burn SI Engines

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Abstract

This study examines the effects of Residual Burnt Gas (RBG) field heterogeneity on Cycle-to-Cycle Variations (CCVs) under lean operation in Spark-Ignited (SI) engines. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) was used in conjunction with solving chemical kinetics for iso-octane/air mixtures to examine early premixed flame propagation. In SI engines, RBGs represent dilution by hot combustion products that remain from the previous engine cycle. Prior to investigating coupled effects, the opposing effects of temperature and dilution were first purposely isolated in order to quantify their respective contributions. To quantify the influence of RBG heterogeneity on actual engine CCVs, aerothermochemical conditions representative of low-load lean-burn engine operation were extracted from experimental data and engine large eddy simulation computations. Salient findings are as follows: (1) Standard RBG mixtures encountered in lean-burn SI engines increase laminar flame speeds because the positive effect of reactant temperature is dominant over the negative effect of dilution. (2) RBG heterogeneities create additional flame wrinkling even if no sensible enthalpy fluctuation is introduced. (3) For laminar flows, the statistical expansion of the flame kernel (averaged over multiple heterogeneity fields) occurs more quickly in heterogeneous mixtures than in homogeneous mixtures because of the non-linear laminar flame speed response to local temperature/dilution variations. (4) RBG heterogeneities encountered in lean-burn SI engines dramatically modify turbulent flame structures by either amplifying flame propagation in conducive conditions or quenching the flame when hostile conditions are encountered. (5) For turbulent flows, the statistical expansion of the flame kernel (averaged over multiple heterogeneity fields and turbulence draws) occurs more slowly in heterogeneous mixtures than in homogeneous mixtures because of the additional quenching that takes place when the flame encounters adverse thermodynamical conditions. (6) Typical RBG heterogeneities found in lean-burn SI engines lead to an additional cyclic variation in flame development of about 50 % compared with the isolated effect of turbulence.

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Abbreviations

CCV:

Cycle-to-cycle variation

DNS:

Direct numerical simulation

FAER:

Fuel/Air equivalence ratio

IMEP:

Indicated mean effective pressure

LES:

Large eddy simulation

PFI:

Port fuel injection

RBG:

Residual burnt gas

SI:

Spark-ignited

α dil :

Rate of dilution by burnt gases

δ f :

Laminar flame thickness

Δ x :

Mesh size

φ :

Fuel/air equivalence ratio

σ :

Standard deviation

τ c :

Chemical time

τ t :

Turbulent time

< >:

Ensemble-averaged over the simulation domain

D a :

Damköhler number

K a :

Karlovitz number

L t :

Integral length scale

L x,y,z :

Simulation domain size along x, y

p :

Pressfure

r 0 :

Initial flame radius

r eq :

Flame equivalent radius

Re t :

Turbulent Reynolds number

\(S_{L}^{0}\) :

Laminar flame speed

t final :

Final simulation time

T ad :

Adiabatic flame temperature

T fg :

Temperature of fresh gases

u′:

Turbulent velocity fluctuations

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IFP Energies nouvelles, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852, Rueil-Malmaison, France

    Cecile Pera, Vincent Knop & Stephane Chevillard

  2. CORIA, UMR6614, University and INSA of Rouen, avenue de l’Université, 76801, Saint-Etienne-du-Rouvray Cedex, France

    Stephane Chevillard & Julien Reveillon

Authors
  1. Cecile Pera
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  2. Vincent Knop
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  3. Stephane Chevillard
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  4. Julien Reveillon
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Correspondence to Cecile Pera.

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Pera, C., Knop, V., Chevillard, S. et al. Effects of Residual Burnt Gas Heterogeneity on Cyclic Variability in Lean-burn SI Engines. Flow Turbulence Combust 92, 837–863 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10494-014-9527-7

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