Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Natural insensitivity and the effects of concentration on the repellency and survival of American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) by DEET

  • Published:
Experimental and Applied Acarology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) is by far the most used repellent worldwide. When applied topically to the skin, the active ingredient has been shown to provide protection from a variety of hematophagous insects, including mosquitoes and flies. DEET’s effectiveness against ticks is influenced by a variety of factors (e.g., duration and concentration of application, drying time, route of exposure, tick species and developmental stage), and may differ from insects due to their unique chemosensory system that primarily involves the Haller’s organ. We therefore used several approaches to investigate DEET’s efficacy to repel Dermacentor variabilis at different concentrations (5, 30 or 75%), as well as explore its toxicological properties and natural variability in DEET insensitivity across populations from Manitoba, Canada. Climbing bioassays indicated that higher concentrations of DEET were more effective at repelling D. variabilis, and that ticks from some sampling localities were more sensitive to lower concentrations than others. Petri dish arena assays revealed ticks exposed to high concentrations of the repellent lose their ability to discriminate lower concentrations, perhaps due to overstimulation or habituation. Finally, our tactile assays demonstrated reduced tick survival after contact with high DEET concentrations, with mortality occurring more rapidly with increased concentration. Dermacentor variabilis from these tactile assays displayed a multitude of physiological and neurological symptoms, such as ‘hot foot’ and various bodily secretions. Overall, our study shows a strong association between repellency, concentration and the acaricidal effects of DEET on D. variabilis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abd-Ella A, Stankiewicz M, Mikulska K, Nowak W, Pennetier C, Goulu M, Fruchart-Gaillard C, Licznar P, Apaire-Marchais V, List O, Corbel V, Servent D, Lapied B (2015) The repellent DEET potentiates carbamate effects via insect muscarinic receptor interactions: an alternative strategy to control insect vector-borne diseases. PLoS ONE 10:e0126406

    Google Scholar 

  • Abramson CI, Giray T, Mixson TA, Nolf SL, Wells H, Kence A, Kence M (2010) Proboscis conditioning experiments with honeybees, Apis mellifera caucasica, with butyric acid and DEET mixture as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. J Insect Sci 10:122

    Google Scholar 

  • Adenubi OT, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN, Naidoo V (2018) In vitro bioassays used in evaluating plant extracts for tick repellent and acaricidal properties: a critical review. Vet Parasitol 30:160–171

    Google Scholar 

  • Araya-Anchetta A, Scoles GA, Giles J, Busch JD, Wagner DM (2013) Hybridization in natural sympatric populations of Dermacentor ticks in northwestern North America. Ecol Evol 3:714–724

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Araya-Anchetta A, Busch JD, Scoles GA, Wagner DM (2015) Thirty years of tick population genetics: a comprehensive review. Infect Genet Evol 29:164–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. J Stat Softw 67:1–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker HJ (1970) Genetics of chemotaxis in Drosophila melanogaster: selection for repellent insensitivity. Mol Gen Genet 107:194–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bishopp FC, Trembley HL (1945) Distribution and hosts of certain North American ticks. J Parasitol 31:1–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Bissinger BW, Roe RM (2010) Tick repellents: past, present, and future. Pestic Biochem Physiol 96:63–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissinger BW, Apperson CS, Sonenshine DE, Watson DW, Roe RM (2009a) Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD® against three species of Ixodid ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 48:239–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissinger BW, Zhu J, Apperson CS, Sonenshine DE, Watson DW, Roe RM (2009b) Comparative efficacy of BioUD to other commercially available arthropod repellents against the ticks Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis on cotton cloth. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81:685–690

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bissinger BW, Apperson CS, Watson DW, Arellano C, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM (2011) Novel field assays and the comparative repellency of BioUD®, DEET and permethrin against Amblyomma americanum. Med Vet Entomol 25:217–226

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blume RR, Roberts RH, Eschle JL, Matter JJ (1971) Tests of aerosols of DEET for protection of livestock from biting flies. J Econ Entomol 64:1193–1196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carr AL, Mitchell RD III, Dhammi A, Bissinger BW, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM (2017) Tick Haller’s organ, a new paradigm for arthropod olfaction: how ticks differ from insects. Int J Mol Sci 18:E1563

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JF, Kramer M (2012) Responses of lone star tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs to the repellent DEET applied in acetone and ethanol solutions in in vitro bioassays. J Entomol Sci 47:193–196

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JF, Maradufu A, Warthen JD Jr (1989) An extract of Commiphora erythraea: a repellent and toxicant against ticks. Entomol Exp Appl 53:111–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JF, Solberg VB, Klun JA, Kramer M, Debboun M (2004) Comparative activity of DEET and AI3-37220 repellents against the ticks Ixodes scapularis and Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory bioassays. J Med Entomol 41:249–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll JF, Kramer M, Bedoukian RH (2014) Solvent, drying time, and substrate affect the responses of lone star ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) to the repellents DEET and picaridin. J Med Entomol 5:629–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen-Hussey V, Behrens R, Logan JG (2014) Assessment of methods used to determine the safety of the topical insect repellent N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET). Parasite Vector 7:173

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbel V, Stankiewicz M, Pennetier C, Fournier D, Stojan J, Girard E, Dimitrov M, Molgó J, Hougard JM, Lapied B (2009) Evidence for inhibition of cholinesterases in insect and mammalian nervous systems by the insect repellent deet. BMC Biol 7:47

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGennaro M (2015) The mysterious multi-modal repellency of DEET. Fly 9(1):45–51

    Google Scholar 

  • DeGennaro M, McBride CS, Seeholzer L, Nakagawa T, Dennis EJ, Goldman C, Jasinskiene N, James AA, Vosshall LB (2013) Orco mutant mosquitoes lose strong preference for humans and are not repelled by volatile DEET. Nature 498:487–491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dennis EJ, Goldman OV, Vosshall LB (2019) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes use their legs to sense DEET on contact. Curr Biol 29:1551–1556

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dergousoff SJ, Galloway TD, Lindsay LR, Curry PS, Chilton NB (2013) Range expansion of Dermacentor variabilis and Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) near their northern distributional limits. J Med Entomol 50:510–520

    Google Scholar 

  • Dharmarajan G, Rhodes OE Jr. (2011) Evaluating levels of PCR efficiency and genotyping error in DNA extracted from engorged and non-engorged female Dermacentor variabilis ticks. Med Vet Entomol 25:109–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diaz JH (2016) Chemical and plant-based insect repellents: efficacy, safety, and toxicity. Wild Environ Med 27:153–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Faulde MK, Albiez G, Nehring O (2010) Insecticidal, acaricidal and repellent effects of DEET-and IR3535-impregnated bed nets using a novel long-lasting polymer-coating technique. Parasitol Res 106:957–965

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira LL, Soares SF, de Oliveira Filho JG, Oliveira TT, de León AA, Borges LM (2015) Role of Rhipicephalus microplus cheliceral receptors in gustation and host differentiation. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 6:228–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira LL, de Oliveira Filho JG, Mascarin GM, de León AAP, Borges LMF (2017) In vitro repellency of DEET and β-citronellol against the ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato and Amblyomma sculptum. Vet Parasitol 239:42–45

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fielden LJ, Knolhoff LM, Villarreal SM, Ryan P (2011) Underwater survival in the dog tick Dermacentor variabilis (Acari:Ixodidae). J Insect Physiol 57:21–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fradin MS (1998) Mosquitoes and mosquito repellents: a clinician’s guide. Ann Intern Med 128:931–940

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fradin MS (2019) Insect protection. In: Travel medicine. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 43–52

  • Fradin MS, Day JF (2002) Comparative efficacy of insect repellents against mosquito bites. N Engl J Med 347:13–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frances SP, Waterson DG, Beebe NW, Cooper RD (2004) Field evaluation of repellent formulations containing deet and picaridin against mosquitoes in Northern Territory. Aust J Med Entomol 41:414–417

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halos L, Baneth G, Beugnet F, Bowman AS, Chomel B, Farkas R, Franc M, Guillot J, Inokuma H, Kaufman R, Jongejan F (2012) Defining the concept of ‘tick repellency’ in veterinary medicine. Parasitology 139:419–423

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasle G, Bjune G, Edvardsen E, Jakobsen C, Linnehol B, Røer JE, Mehl R, Røed KH, Pedersen J, Leinaas HP (2009) Transport of ticks by migratory passerine birds to Norway. J Parasitol 95:1342–1352

    Google Scholar 

  • Health Canada (2002) Re-evaluation decision document RRD2002‐01. Pest Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada. http://www.hcsc.gc.ca/pmraarla/english/pdf/rrd/rrd2002-01e.pdf

  • Henderson G, Heumann DO, Laine RA, Maistrello L, Zhu BC, Chen F (2005) Extracts of vetiver oil as repellent and toxicant to ants, ticks, and cockroaches. United States patent US 6,906,108

  • Ishigaki Y, Nakamura Y, Oikawa Y, Yano Y, Kuwabata S, Nakagawa H, Tomosugi N, Takegami T (2012) Observation of live ticks (Haemaphysalis flava) by scanning electron microscopy under high vacuum pressure. PLoS ONE 7:e32676

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaramillo Ramirez GI, Logan JG, Loza-Reyes E, Stashenko E, Moores GD (2012) Repellents inhibit P450 enzymes in Stegomyia (Aedes) aegypti. PLoS ONE 7:e48698

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensenius M, Pretorius AM, Clarke F, Myrvang B (2005) Repellent efficacy of four commercial DEET lotions against Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae), the principal vector of Rickettsia africae in southern Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99:708–711

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josek T, Walden KKO, Allan BF, Alleyne M, Robertson HM (2018) A foreleg transcriptome for Ixodes scapularis ticks: candidates for chemoreceptors and binding proteins that might be expressed in the sensory Haller’s organ. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 9:1317–1327

    Google Scholar 

  • Kassambara A, Kosinski M, Biecek P (2019) Drawing Survival Curves using ‘ggplot2’. Version 0.4.6, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/survminer/survminer.pdf

  • Katz TM, Miller JH, Hebert AA (2008) Insect repellents: historical perspectives and new developments. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:865–871

    Google Scholar 

  • Klun JA, Khrimian A, Rowton E, Kramer M, Debboun M (2006) Biting deterrent activity of a deet analog, two DEPA analogs, and SS220 applied topically to human volunteers compared with deet against three species of blood-feeding flies. J Econ Entomol 43:1248–1251

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koloski C, LeMoine CMR, Klonowski AR, Smith CM, Cassone BJ (2019) Molecular evidence for the inhibition of cytochrome p450s and cholinesterases in ticks by the repellent DEET. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 10:515–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Koren G, Matsui D, Bailey B (2003) DEET-based insect repellents: safety implications for children and pregnant and lactating women. Can Med Assoc J 169:209–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Krakowetz CN, Dergousoff SJ, Chilton NB (2010) Genetic variation in the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae). J Vector Ecol 35:163–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulma M, Kopecký O, Bubová T (2019) Nymphs of Ixodes ricinus are more sensitive to deet than adult females. J Am Mosquito Control 35:279–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Kim SH, Montell C (2010) Avoiding DEET through insect gustatory receptors. Neuron 67:555–561

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Legeay S, Clere N, Apaire-Marchais V, Faure S, Lapied B (2018) Unusual modes of action of the repellent DEET in insects highlight some human side effects. Eur J Pharmacol 825:92–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lenth R (2018) emmeans: estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R package version 1.1.3. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans

  • Little CM, Chapman TW, Hillier NK (2019) Considerations for insect learning in integrated pest management. J Insect Sci 19:6

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu F, Xia X, Liu N (2017) Molecular basis of N,N-Diethyl-3-Methylbenzamide (DEET) in repelling the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Front Physiol 8:418

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu W, Hwang JK, Zeng F, Leal WS (2017) DEET as a feeding deterrent. PLoS ONE 12:e0189243

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupi E, Hatz C, Schlagenhauf P (2013) The efficacy of repellents against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex and Ixodes spp.—a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 11:374–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Lwande W, Ndakala AJ, Hassanali A, Moreka L, Nyandat E, Ndungu M, Amiani H, Gitu PM, Malonza MM, Punyua DK (1999) Gynandropsis gynandra essential oil and its constituents as tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) repellents. Phytochemistry 50:401–405

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maramorosch K, Mahmood F (2014) Maintenance of Ticks in the laboratory. In: Rearing animal and plant pathogen vectors. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 96–117

  • Matheson R (1950) Medical entomology, 2nd edn. Comstock Publishing, Ithaca

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsuda BM, Surgeoner GA, Heal JD, Tucker AO, Maciarello MJ (1996) Essential oil analysis and field evaluation of the citrosa plant “Pelargonium citrosum” as a repellent against populations of Aedes mosquitoes. J Am Mosquito Control 12:69–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mechai S, Fei EJ, Gariepy TD, Gregory TR, Lindsay LR, Millien V, Ogden NH (2013) Investigation of the population structure of the tick vector of Lyme disease Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) in Canada using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene sequences. J Med Entomol 50:560–570

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell RD III, Zhu J, Carr AL, Dhammi A, Cave G, Sonenshine DE, Roe RM (2017) Infrared light detection by the Haller’s organ of adult American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Ixodida: Ixodidae). Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 8:764–771

    Google Scholar 

  • Mount GA, Snoddy EL (1983) Pressurized sprays of permethrin and deet on clothing for personal protection against the lone star tick and the American dog tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Econ Entomol 76:529–531

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi EN, Hassanali A, Essuman S, Nyandat E, Moreka L, Kimondo MG (1995) Repellent and acaricidal properties of Ocimum suave against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Exp Appl Acarol 19:11–18

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ndungu M, Lwande W, Hassanali A, Moreka L, Chhabra SC (1995) Cleome monophylla essential oil and its constituents as tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus) and maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) repellents. Entomol Exp Appl 76:217–222

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelder MP, Wijayasri S, Russell CB, Johnson KO, Marchand-Austin A, Cronin K, Johnson S, Badiani T, Patel SN, Sider D (2018) The continued rise of Lyme disease in Ontario, Canada: 2017. Can Commun Dis Rep 44:231–236

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson EI, Dergousoff SJ, Chilton NB (2014) Genetic variation in the 16S mitochondrial DNA gene of two Canadian populations of Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 46:475–481

    Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrino M, Steinbach N, Stensmyr MC, Hansson BS, Vosshall LB (2011) A natural polymorphism alters odour and DEET sensitivity in an insect odorant receptor. Nature 478:511–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pretorius AM, Jensenius M, Clarke F, Ringertz SH (2003) Repellent efficacy of DEET and KBR 3023 against Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 40:245–248

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • R Core Team (2017) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramaswamy K, He YX, Salafsky B, Shibuya T (2003) Topical application of DEET for schistosomiasis. Trends Parasitol 19:551–555

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder NL, Ganz PJ, Carlson JR, Saunders CW (2001) Isolation of a DEET-insensitive mutant of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae. J Econ Entomol 94:1584–1588

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochon K, Scoles GA, Lysyk TJ (2012) Dispersion and sampling of adult Dermacentor andersoni in rangeland in Western North America. J Med Entomol 9:253–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge LC, Moussa MA, Lowe CA, Sofield RK (1978) Comparative sensitivity of mosquito species and strains to the repellent diethyl toluamide. J Med Entomol 14:536–541

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutledge LC, Collister DM, Meixsell VE, Eisenberg GHG (1983) Comparitive sensitivity of representative mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to repellents. J Med Entomol 20:506–510

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salafsky B, He YX, Li J, Shibuya T, Ramaswamy K (2000) Short report: study on the efficacy of a new long-acting formulation of N, N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) for the prevention of tick attachment. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62:169–172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schreck CE, Snoddy EL, Spielman A (1986) Pressurized sprays of permethrin or DEET on military clothing for personal protection against Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 23:396–399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semmler M, Abdel-Ghaffar F, Al-Rasheid KA, Mehlhorn H (2011) Comparison of the tick repellent efficacy of chemical and biological products originating from Europe and the USA. Parasitol Res 108:899–904

    Google Scholar 

  • Sfara V, Mougabure-Cueto G, Zerba EN, Alzogaray RA (2011) Adaptation of the repellency response to DEET in Rhodnius prolixus. J Insect Phys 57:1431–1436

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soares SF, Braga RDS, Ferreira LL, Louly CCB, Sousa LADD, Silva ACD, Borges LMF (2010) Repellent activity of DEET against Amblyomma cajennense (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs submitted to different laboratory bioassays. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 19:12–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Solberg VB, Klein TA, McPherson KR, Bradford BA, Burge JR, Wirtz RA (1995) Field evaluation of Deet and a piperidine repellent (AI3-37220) against Amblyomma americanum (Acari:Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 32:870–875

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonenshine DE, Roe RM (2013) In: Tick rearing and in vitro feeding in biology of ticks, vol 2. Oxford University Press. pp 446–473

  • Soutar O, Cohen F, Wall R (2019) Essential oils as tick repellents on clothing. Exp Appl Acarol 79:209–219

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanczyk NM, Brookfield JF, Ignell R, Logan JG, Field LM (2010) Behavioral insensitivity to DEET in Aedes aegypti is a genetically determined trait residing in changes in sensillum function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:8575–8580

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanczyk NM, Brookfield JF, Field LM, Logan JG (2013) Aedes aegypti mosquitoes exhibit decreased repellency by DEET following previous exposure. PloS ONE 8(2):e54438

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staub D, Debrunner M, Amsler L, Steffen R (2002) Effectiveness of a repellent containing DEET and EBAAP for preventing tick bites. Wilderness Environ Med 13:12–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Syed Z, Leal WS (2008) Mosquitoes smell and avoid the insect repellent DEET. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:13598–13603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Therneau T (2015) A package for survival analysis. In: S. version 2.38, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=survival

  • Witting-Bissinger BE, Stumpf CF, Donohue KV, Apperson CS, Roe RM (2008) Novel arthropod repellent, BioUD, is an efficacious alternative to deet. J Med Entomol 45:891–898

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. Alex Koiter for assistance with R software. We are grateful to Patrick Gohl, Ivan Drahun and Jessica Sparrow their assistance with tick collections. This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grants Program awarded to Bryan Cassone (RGPIN-2016-04335). Figures 1 and 3 were created with BioRender.com.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, R78 6A9, Canada

    Cody W. Koloski, Carlyn A. M Duncan, Pamela L. Rutherford & Bryan J. Cassone

Authors
  1. Cody W. Koloski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Carlyn A. M Duncan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pamela L. Rutherford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bryan J. Cassone
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceptualization: BJC and CWK; Data curation: BJC and CWK; Formal analysis: PLR and CWK; Funding acquisition: BJC; Methodology: BJC, CAMD, PLR and CWK; Software: PLR and CWK; Supervision: BJC; Writing: BJC and CWK; Writing—review & editing: BJC, CAMD, PLR and CWK.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bryan J. Cassone.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Electronic supplementary material

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Koloski, C.W., Duncan, C.A.M., Rutherford, P.L. et al. Natural insensitivity and the effects of concentration on the repellency and survival of American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) by DEET. Exp Appl Acarol 82, 379–395 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-020-00550-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-020-00550-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation