To date, only a small number of government and peer-reviewed studies have examined the mental health of federal offenders. Although these studies provide isolated bits of information they have yet to be organized into a coherent body of knowledge from which clinicians, administrators and policy makers can inform their work. As a first step in constructing this knowledge and understanding the possible mental health needs of this population (currently America’s largest correctional population), this paper delineates the available government and peer-reviewed studies on federal offenders, highlights their convergent findings, and suggests opportunities for growth in research, administration and policy.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
Approximately 60,000 federal offenders are released from prison yearly.
In fact, several recent research initiatives by the National Institute of Justice, National Institute of Drug Abuse and the Centers for Disease Control would indicate that this movement has already begun.
References
Asnis G. M., Kaplan M. L., Hundorfean G., Saeed W. (1997). Violence and homicidal behaviors in psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Hospitals, 20(2): 405–425
Bureau of Prisons (2005). Quick Facts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, October 4, 2005. Available online at http://www.bop.gov/news/quick.jsp.
Dahlstrom W. G., Welsh G. S., Dahlstrom L. E. (1972). The MMPI Handbook, Vol. 1: Clinical Interpretation. Minneapolis, MN, University of Minnesota Press
Diamond P. M., Wang E. W., Holzer C. E., III, Thomas C. R., Cruser D. A. (2001). The prevalence of mental illness in prison: Review and policy implications. Administration and Policy in Mental Health 29: 21–40
DiCataldo F., Greer A., Profit W. E. (1995). Screening prison inmates for mental disorder: An examination of the relationship between mental disorder and prison adjustment. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 23(4): 573–585
Dickey, W. C., & Blumberg, S. J. (2004). Prevalence of mental disorders and contacts with mental health professionals among adults in the United States: National health interview survey, 1999. In: R. W. Manderscheid & M.J. Henderson (Eds.), Mental Health, United States, 2002 (pp. 92–104). DHHS Pub No. (SMA) 3938. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Ditton P. M. (1999). Mental health and treatment of inmates and probationers. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Justice
Eyestone L. L., Howell R. J. (1994). An epidemiological study of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Major Depression in a male prison population. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 22(2): 181–193
Farabee D. (2005). Rethinking Rehabilitation. Washington, DC, AEI Press
Feighner J. P., Robins E., Guze S. B., Woodruff R. A., Winokur G., Munoz R. (1972) Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 26: 57–63
Fisher W. H., Packer I. K., Banks S. M., Smith D., Simon L. J., Roy-Buinowski K. (2002). Self-reported lifetime psychiatric hospitalization histories of jail detainees with mental disorders: Comparison with non-incarcerated national sample. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 29(4): 458–465
Gaes, G. G., & Kendig, N. (2002). The skill sets and health care needs of released offenders. Presented at From Prison to Home: The effect of incarceration and reentry on children, families and communities. January 30–31, 2002. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the Urban Institute.
General Accounting Office (1991). Mentally ill inmates: BOP plans to improve screening and care in Federal prisons and jails. GAO/GGD-92–13. Washington, DC, United States General Accounting Office
Harrison, P. M., & Beck, A. J. (2004). Prisoners in 2003. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice
Harrison, P. M., & Beck, A. J. (2005). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2004. Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice
Helzer J. E., Robins L. N. (1988). The diagnostic interview schedule: Its development, evolution and use. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 23: 6–16
Jemelka R., Trupin E., Chiles J. A. (1989). The mentally ill in prisons: A review. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 40(5): 481–491
Jordan B. K., Schlenger W. E., Fairbanks J. A., Caddell J. M. (1996). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women: Convicted felons entering prison. Archives of General Psychiatry 53: 513–519
Kessler R. C. (1994). The national comorbidity survey. International Review of Psychiatry 6: 365–376
Koenig H. G. (1995). Religion and older men in prison. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 10: 219–230
Koenig H. G., Johnson S., Bellard J., Denker M., Fenlon R. (1995). Depression and anxiety disorder among older male inmates at a federal correctional facility. Psychiatry Services 45(4): 399–401
Magaletta P. R., Dietz E. F., Diamond P. (2005). The Prevalence of Behavioral and Psychological Disorders Among an Admissions Cohort of Federal Inmates. Bureau of Prisons, Research Review Board # 01–038. Washington, DC, Department of Justice
Magaletta P. R., Boothby J. L. (2003). Correctional mental health professionals. In: Fagan T. J., Ax R. K. (eds) Correctional mental health handbook. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage, pp. 21–38
Magaletta P.R., Verdeyen V. (2005). Clinical Practice in Corrections: A conceptual framework. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 36: 37–43
Manderscheid, R. W., Atay, J. E., Male, A., Blacklow, B., Forest, C., Ingram, L., Maedke, J., Sussman, J., & Ndikumwami, A. (2004). Highlights of organized mental health services in 2000 and major national and state trends. In: R. W. Manderscheid & M. J. Henderson (Eds.), Mental Health, United States, 2002 (pp. 243–279). DHHS Pub No. (SMA) 3938. Rockville MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Manderscheid R. W., Gravesande A., Goldstrom I. D. (2004). Growth of mental health services in state adult mental health correctional facilities, 1988 to 2000. Psychiatric Services 55(8): 869–872
Mears, D. (2004). Mental health needs and services in the criminal justice system. Houston Journal of Health Law and Policy 4: 255–284
Morgan, R. D., Beer, A. M., Fitzgerald, K. L., & Mandracchia, J. T. (in press). Graduate student’s experiences, interests and attitudes towards correctional/forensic psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior.
Osview F., Fenwick B. C. (1999). Neuropsychiatry in the prison. In: Osview F. (ed) Neuropsychiatry and mental health services. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press Inc., pp. 197–220
Pelissier B. M., Gaes G., Phodes W., Camp S., O-Neil J., Wallace S., Saylor W. (1998). TRIAD drug treatment evaluation project six-month interim report. Washington, DC, Federal Bureau of Prisons
Roth L. H., Ervin F. R. (1971). Psychiatric care in federal prisoners. American Journal of Psychiatry 128(4): 56–62
Scheckenback A., Pape M. (1992). Psychology data system 1992 summary report. Washington, DC, Federal Bureau of Prisons
Steadman H. J., Fabisiak S., Dvoskin J., Holohean E. J. (1987). A survey of mental disability among state prison inmates. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 38(10): 1086–1090
Steadman H. J., Holohean E. J., Dvoskin J. (1991). Estimating mental health needs and service utilization among prison inmates. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 19(3): 297–307
Veysey, B. M., & Bichler-Robertson, G. (2002). Prevalence estimates of psychiatric disorders in correctional settings. In: The Health Status of Soon-To-Be-Released Inmates: A Report to Congress, Vol. 2 (pp. 57–80). Chicago, IL: National Commission on Correctional Health Care.
Walters G. D., Mann M. F., Miller M. P., Hemphill L. L., Chlumsky M. L. (1988). Emotional disorder among offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 15: 433–453
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
*The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors (Philip R. Magaletta and Erik Dietz) only and do not necessarily represent the policy or opinions of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, the Department of Justice, or their academic affiliates.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Magaletta, P.R., Diamond, P.M., Dietz, E. et al. The Mental Health of Federal Offenders: A Summative Review of the Prevalence Literature. Adm Policy Ment Health 33, 253–263 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-005-0022-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-005-0022-2