Abstract
Pulse rate variability is a physiological parameter that has been extensively studied and correlated with many physical ailments. However, the phase relationship between inter-beat interval, IBI, and breathing has very rarely been studied. Develop a technique by which the phase relationship between IBI and breathing can be accurately and efficiently extracted from photoplethysmography (PPG) data. A program based on Lock-in Amplifier technology was written in Python to implement a novel technique, Dynamic Phase Extraction. It was tested using a breath pacer and a PPG sensor on 6 subjects who followed a breath pacer at varied breathing rates. The data were then analyzed using both traditional methods and the novel technique (Dynamic Phase Extraction) utilizing a breath pacer. Pulse data was extracted using a PPG sensor. Dynamic Phase Extraction (DPE) gave the magnitudes of the variation in IBI associated with breathing \((\Delta IBI)\) measured with photoplethysmography during paced breathing (with premature ventricular contractions, abnormal arrhythmias, and other artifacts edited out). \(\Delta IBI\) correlated well with two standard measures of pulse rate variability: the Standard Deviation of the inter-beat interval (SDNN) (ρ = 0.911) and with the integrated value of the Power Spectral Density between 0.04 and 0.15 Hz (Low Frequency Power or LF Power) (ρ = 0.885). These correlations were comparable to the correlation between the SDNN and the LF Power (ρ = 0.877). In addition to the magnitude \(\Delta IBI\), Dynamic Phase Extraction also gave the phase between the breath pacer and the changes in the inter-beat interval (IBI) due to respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA), and correlated well with the phase extracted using a Fourier transform (ρ = 0.857). Dynamic Phase Extraction can extract both the phase between the breath pacer and the changes in IBI due to the respiratory sinus arrhythmia component of pulse rate variability (\(\Delta IBI)\), but is limited by needing a breath pacer.
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We would like to thank Paul Lehrer for his in help guiding us to important papers in the field and helping to edit the paper.
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Li, C.H., Ly, F.S., Woodhouse, K. et al. Dynamic Phase Extraction: Applications in Pulse Rate Variability. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 47, 213–222 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09549-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10484-022-09549-z