Abstract
The production of proteolytic enzymes by several strains of ectomycorrhizal fungi i.e., Amanita muscaria (16-3), Laccaria laccata (9-12), L. laccata (9-1), Suillus bovinus (15-4), Suillus bovinus (15-3), Suillus luteus (14-7) on mycelia of Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma virens and Mucor hiemalis and sodium caseinate, yeast extract was evaluated. The strains of A. muscaria (16-3) and L. laccata (9-12) were characterized by the highest activity of the acidic and neutral proteases. Taking the mycelia of saprotrophic fungi into consideration, the mycelium of M. hiemalis was the best inductor for proteolytic activity. The examined ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibited higher activity of acidic proteases than neutral ones on the mycelia of saprotrophic fungi, which may imply the participation of acidic proteases in nutrition.
References
Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ (1986) The role of proteins in the nitrogen nutrition of ectomycorrhizal plants. I. Utilization of peptides and proteins by ectomycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 103:481–493
Abuzinadah RA, Read DJ (1988) Amino acids as nitrogen sources for ectomycorrhizal fungi: utilisation of individual amino acids. Trans Br Mycol Soc 9:473–479
Archer DB, Peberdy JF (1997) The molecular biology of secreted enzyme production by fungi. Crit Rev Biotechnol 17(4):273–306
De Boer W, Gunnewiek PJAK, Kowalchuk GA, Van Veen JA (2001) Growth of chitinolytic dune soil beta subclass Proteobacteria in response to invading fungal hyphae. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:3358–3362
De Boer W, Gunnewiek PJAK, Lafeber P, Janse JD, Spit BE, Woldendorp JW (1998) Antifungal properties of chitinolytic dune soil bacteria. Soil Biol Biochem 30:193–203
Delgado-Jarana J, Pinto-Toro JA, Benítez T (2000) Overproduction of β-1,6-glucanase in Trichoderma harzianum is controlled by extrcellular acidic proteases and pH. Biochim Biophys Acta 1481:289–296
Elad Y, Kapat A (1999) The role of Trichoderma harzianum protease in the biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea. Eur J Plant Pathol 105(2):177–189
Fermor TR, Grant WD (1985) Degradation of fungal and actinomycete mycelia by Agaricus bisporus. J Gen Microbiol 131:1729–1734
Fermor TR, Wood DA (1981) Degradation of bacteria by Agaricus bisporus and other fungi. J Gen Microbiol 126:377–387
Flores A, Chet I, Herrera-Estrella A (1996) Improved biocontrol activity of Trichoderma harzianum by over-expression of the proteinases-encoding gene prb1. Curr Gen 31:30–37
Geremia RA, Goldman GH, Jacobs D, Ardiles W, Vila SB, Van Montagu M, Herrera-Esterlla A (1993) Molecular characterization of the proteinase encoding gene, prb1, related to mycoparasitism by Trichoderma harzianum. Mol Microbiol 8:603–613
Goldman GH, Hayes C, Harman GE (1994) Molecular and cellular biology of biocontrol by Trichoderma spp. Tibtech 12:478–482
Griffin DH (1994) Chemistry of the fungal cell. In: Griffin DH (eds) Fungal physiology. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 23–62
Hanzen GG, Hause JA, Hubicki JA (1965) An automated system for the quantitative determination of proteolytic enzymes using azocasein. Ann N Y Acad Sci 130:761–768
Hellmich S, Schauz K (1988) Production of extracellular alkaline and neutral proteases of Ustilago maydis. Exp Mycol 12:223–232
Hislop EC, Paver JL, Keon JPR (1982) An acid protease produced by Monilinia fructigena in vitro and in infected apple fruits. J Gen Microbiol 128:799–807
Leake JR, Read DJ (1990) Proteinase activity in mycorrhizal fungi. II The effect of mineral and organic nitrogen sources on induction of extracellular proteinase in Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan. New Phytol 116:123–128
Markovich NA, Kononova GL (2003) Lytic enzymes of Trichoderma and their role in plant defense fram fungal diseases: a review. Appl Biochem Microbiol 39:341–351
Marx DH (1969) The influence of ectotropic mycorrhizal fungi on the resistance of pine roots to pathogenic infections. I. Antogonism of mycorrhizal fungi to root pathogenic fungi and soil bacteria. Phytopathology 59:153–163
Mucha J, Dahm H, Strzelczyk E, Werner A (2006) Synthesis of enzymes connected with mycoparasitism by ectomycorrhizal fungi. Arch. Microbiol. 185:69–77
Näsholm T, Ekblad A, Nordin A, Giesler R, Högberg M, Högberg P (1998) Boreal forest plants take up organic nitrogen. Nature 392:914–916
Pavlukova EB, Belozersky MA, Dunaevsky YE (1998) Extracellular proteolytic enzymes of filamentous fungi. Biochemistry (Mosc) 63:899–928
Sims GK, Wander MM (2002) Proteolytic activity under nitrogen or sulphur limitation. Appl Soil Ecol 19:217–221
Sreedhar L, Kobayashi DY Bunting TE, Hillman BI, Belanger FC (1999) Fungal proteinase expression in the interaction of plant pathogen Magnaporthe poae with its host. Gene 235:121–129
Viterbo A, Ramot O, Chernin L, Chet I (2002) Significance of lytic enzymes from Trichoderma spp. in the biocontrol of fungal plant pathogens. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 81:549–556
Werner A, Zadworny M (2003) In vitro evidence of mycoparasitism of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata against Mucor hiemalis in the rhizosphere of Pinus sylvestris. Mycorrhiza 13:41–47
Werner A, Zadworny M, Idzikowska K (2002) Interaction between Laccaria laccata and Trichoderma virens in co-culture and the rhizosphere of Pinus sylvestris grown in vitro. Mycorrhiza 12:139–145
Zadworny M, Werner A, Idzikowska K (2004) Behaviour of the hyphae of Laccaria laccata in the presence of Trichoderma harzianum in vitro. Mycorrhiza 14:401–405
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mucha, J., Dahm, H. & Werner, A. Influence of autoclaved saprotrophic fungal mycelia on proteolytic activity in ectomycorrhizal fungi. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 92, 137–142 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-006-9136-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10482-006-9136-0