Abstract
The eye tracker is a system that detects the point where the user gazes on. The conventional eye tracker using a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera needs many peripherals and software computation causing high cost, computation time and power consumption. This paper proposes a single-chip eye tracker using smart CMOS Image Sensor (CIS) pixels. The proposed eye tracker does not require additional peripherals and operates at higher speed than the conventional approach. The prototype chip was designed and fabricated for a 32 × 32 smart CIS pixels array with a 0.35-μ m CMOS process. The test results show ± 1 pixel error at the rate of 125 frame-per-second. The power consumption is 260 mW with 3.3 V supply voltage and the silicon area is 3.8 mm2
Similar content being viewed by others
References
T. Miyoshi and A. Murata, “Input device using eye tracker in human-computer interaction,” in Proc. 10th IEEE Int. Workshop Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Sept. 2001, pp. 18–21.
G. Beach, C.J. Cohen, J. Braun, and G. Moody, “Eye tracker system for use with head mounted displays,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 5, pp. 4348–4352, Oct. 1998.
K. Iwamoto, S. Katsumata, and K. Tanie, “An eye movement tracking type head mounted display for virtual reality system: evaluation experiments of a prototype system,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol. 1, pp. 13–18, Oct. 1994.
Z. Zhiwei, J. Qiang, K. Fujimura, and L. Kuangchih, “Combining Kalman filtering and mean shift for real time eye tracking under active IR illumination,” in Proc. 16th Int. Conf. Pattern Recognition, vol. 4, 2002, pp. 318–321.
T. Oya, H. Hashimoto, and F. Harashima, “Active eye sensing system-predictive filtering for visual tracking,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Industrial Electronics, Control, and Instrumentation, vol. 3, Nov. 1993, pp. 1718–1723.
A. Graupner, J. Schreiter, S. Getzlaff, and R. Schüffny, “CMOS image sensor with mixed-signal processor array.” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, pp. 948–957, 2003.
Y. Muramatsu, S. Kurosawa, M. Furumiya, H. Ohkubo, and Y. Nakashiba, “A signal-processing CMOS image sensor using a simple analog operation.” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 38, pp. 101–106, 2003.
M. Schanz, W. Brochherde, R. Hauschild, B. J. Hosticka, and M. Schwarz, “Smart CMOS image sensor arrays.” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 44, pp. 1699–1705, Oct. 1997.
Y. Ni and J. Guan, “A 256 × 256 pixel smart CMOS image sensor for line-based stereo vision applications.” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 35, pp. 1055–1061, 2000.
S. Espejo, A. Rodríguez-Vázquez, R. Domínguez-Castro, J. L. Huertas, and E. Sánchez-Sinencio, “Smart-pixel cellular neural networks in analog current-mode CMOS technology.” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 29, pp. 895–905, 1994.
M. Schwarz, R. Hauschild, B. J. Hosticka, J. Huppertz, T. Kneip, S. Kolnsberg, L. Ewe, and H. K. Trieu, “Single-chip CMOS image sensors for a retina implant system.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. vol. 46, pp. 870–877, 1999.
L. O. Chua and L. Yang, “Cellular neural networks: theory.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 35, pp. 1257–1272, 1988.
L. O. Chua and L. Yang, “Cellular neural networks: applications.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 35, pp. 1273–1290, 1988.
A. Fish, D. Turchin, and O. Yadid-Pecht, “An APS with 2-D winner-take-all selection employing adaptive spatial filtering and false alarm reduction.” IEEE Trans. electron Devices, vol. 50, pp. 159–165, 2003.
T. Serrano-Gotarredona and B. Linares-Barranco, “A high-precision current-mode WTA-MAX circuit with multichip capability.” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, pp. 280–286, 1998.
I. E. Opris, “Analog rank extractors.” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 1114–1121, 1997.
J. Choi and B. J. Sheu, “A high-precision VLSI winner-take-all circuit for self-organizing neural networks.” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 576–584, 1993.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, D., Lim, S. & Han, G. Single-Chip Eye Tracker Using Smart CMOS Image Sensor Pixels. Analog Integr Circ Sig Process 45, 131–141 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-005-4006-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10470-005-4006-7