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Systematic review of spell-checkers for highly inflectional languages

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Abstract

Performance of any word processor, search engine, social media relies heavily on the spell-checkers, grammar checkers etc. Spell-checkers are the language tools which break down the text to check the spelling errors. It cautions the user if there is any unintentional misspelling occurred in the text. In the area of spell-checking, we still lack an exhaustive study that covers aspects like strengths, limitations, handled errors, performance along with the evaluation parameters. In literature, spell-checkers for different languages are available and each one possesses similar characteristics however, have a different design. This study follows the guidelines of systematic literature review and applies it to the field of spell-checking. The steps of the systematic review are employed on 130 selected articles published in leading journals, premier conferences and workshops in the field of spell-checking of different inflectional languages. These steps include framing of the research questions, selection of research articles, inclusion/exclusion criteria and the extraction of the relevant information from the selected research articles. The literature about spell-checking is divided into key sub-areas according to the languages. Each sub-area is then described based on the technique being used. In this study, various articles are analyzed on certain criteria to reach the conclusion. This article suggests how the techniques from the other domains like morphology, part-of-speech, chunking, stemming, hash-table etc. can be used in development of spell-checkers. It also highlights the major challenges faced by researchers along with the future area of research in the field of spell-checking.

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Abbreviations

FSM:

Finite state machine

DLM:

Dictionary lookup method

MA:

Morphological analysis

ED:

Edit distance

MED:

Minimum edit distance

US:

Unicode splitting

cbLSTM:

Character-based longest short term memory

SM:

Soundex method

LED:

Levenstein edit distance

CS:

Confusion set

rMED:

Reverse minimum edit distance

DDLM:

Direct dictionary lookup method

EDM:

Edit distance method

PEM:

Phonetic encoding method

FSR:

Finite state representation

STM:

State table method

FSA:

Finite state automata

PAMC:

Partition around medoid clustering

DMEE:

Double metaphone encoding

WF:

Word frequency

S&SS:

Sound and shape similarity

rEDM:

Reverse edit distance method

HT:

Hash table

TBA:

Tree-based algorithm

POS:

Parts of speech

HMM:

Hidden Markov model

GUI:

Graphical user interface

FST:

Finite state transition

UWH:

Unknown word handling

UPH:

Unknown proper noun handling

POS:

Parts of speech

API:

Application programming interface

CW:

Constituent word

MBLP:

Memory based language model

FSTM:

Finite state transition model

DA:

Dictionary approach

CC:

Canti check

CSO:

Crowd sourcing

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the reviewers for their insightful comments. The authors would also like to thank Ministry of Electronics and IT, Government of INDIA, for providing fellowship under Grant Number: PhD-MLA-4 (69)/2015-16 (Visvesvaraya PhD Scheme for Electronics and IT) to pursue Ph.D. work.

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    Shashank Singh & Shailendra Singh

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Singh, S., Singh, S. Systematic review of spell-checkers for highly inflectional languages. Artif Intell Rev 53, 4051–4092 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09787-4

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