Abstract
We examined why male condoms broke or slipped off during commercial sex and the actions taken in response among 75 female and male sex workers and male clients recruited from 18 bars/nightclubs in Mombasa, Kenya. Most participants (61/75, 81%) had experienced at least one breakage or slippage during commercial sex. Many breakages were attributed to the direct actions of clients. Breakages and slippages fell into two main groups: those that were intentionally caused by clients and unintentional ones caused by inebriation, forceful thrusting during sex and incorrect or non-lubricant use. Participant responses included: stopping sex and replacing the damaged condoms, doing nothing, getting tested for HIV, using post-exposure prophylaxis and washing. Some sex workers also employed strategies to prevent the occurrence of condom breakages. Innovative client-oriented HIV prevention and risk-reduction interventions are therefore urgently needed. Additionally, sex workers should be equipped with skills to recognize and manage breakages.
Resumen
Examinamos por qué hubo rotura o deslizamiento de condones durante encuentros sexuales comerciales y las acciones de respuesta tomadas por 75 trabajadores sexuales—tanto hombres como mujeres—y sus clientes masculinos, reclutados de 18 bares/clubes nocturnos en Mombasa, Kenya. Las mayoría de los participantes (61/75, 81%) habían experimentado por lo menos una ocasión de rotura o deslizamiento durante sexo comercial. Muchas roturas fueron atribuídas a las acciones directas de clientes. Hubo dos temas en las ocasiones de roturas y deslizamientos: aquellos causados por clientes y aquellos no intencionales causados por intoxicación, empujes enérgicos durante sexo y uso incorrecto (o no uso) de lubricantes. Entre las respuestas se incluían: interrupir el sexo y reemplazar los condones dañados; no hacer nada; obtener una prueba para el VIH; usar la profilaxis de post-exposición; y “lavado”. Algunos trabajadores sexuales utilizaron una variedad de estrategias para evitar que los condones se rompieran. Se necesita urgentemente intervenciones innovadoras y centrados en el cliente para la prevención del VIH y la reducción del riesgo. Asismismo, los trabajadores de sexo deberían adquirir las habilidades para reconocer y manejar las roturas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
South African Health Monitoring Survey (SAHMS): An integrated biological and behavioural survey among female sex workers, South Africa 2013–2014. Final Report. Retrieved November 17, 2016. https://www.health-e.org.za/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/South-African-Health-Monitoring-Survey-An-Integrated-Biological-and-Behavioral-Survey-among-Female-Sex-Workers-South-Africa-2013-2014.pdf.
Baral S, Beyrer C, Muessig K, et al. Burden of HIV among female sex workers in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2012;12(7):538–49. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70066-x.
Oldenburg CE, Perez-Blumer AM, Reisner SL, et al. Global burden of HIV among men who engage in transactional sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7):e103549. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0103549.
Baral SD, Friedman MR, Geibel S, et al. Male sex workers: practices, contexts, and vulnerabilities for HIV acquisition and transmission. Lancet. 2015;385(9964):260–73. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)60801-1.
Schwitters A, Swaminathan M, Serwadda D, et al. Prevalence of rape and client-initiated gender-based violence among female sex workers: Kampala, Uganda, 2012. AIDS Behav. 2014;19(S1):68–76. doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0957-y.
Parcesepe AM, L’Engle KL, Martin SL, Green S, Suchindran C, Mwarogo P. Early sex work initiation and condom use among alcohol-using female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: a cross-sectional analysis. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92(8):593–8. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2016-052549.
Decker MR, Lyons C, Billong SC, et al. Gender-based violence against female sex workers in Cameroon: prevalence and associations with sexual HIV risk and access to health services and justice. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92(8):599–604. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2015-052463.
Voeten HACM, Egesah OB, Varkevisser CM, Habbema JDF. Female sex workers and unsafe sex in urban and rural Nyanza, Kenya: regular partners may contribute more to HIV transmission than clients. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01776.x.
Lau JTF, Zhou H, Su XY, et al. Condoms used but sex not well protected. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(10):1934–44. doi:10.1007/s10461-013-0690-y.
Bradley J, Rajaram SP, Moses S, et al. Why do condoms break? a study of female sex workers in Bangalore, south India. Sex Transm Infect. 2012;88(3):163–70. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2011-050283.
Choi SYP, Chen KL, Jiang ZQ. Client-perpetuated violence and condom failure among female sex workers in southwestern China. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(2):141–6. doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e31815407c3.
Tounkara FK, Diabaté S, Guédou FA, et al. Violence, condom breakage, and HIV infection among female sex workers in Benin, west Africa. Sex Transm Dis. 2014;41(5):312–8. doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000114.
Trussell J, Warner DL, Hatcher RA. Condom slippage and breakage rates. Fam Plan Perspect. 1992;24(1):20. doi:10.2307/2135721.
Bradley J, Rajaram S, Moses S, et al. Female sex worker client behaviors lead to condom breakage: a prospective telephone-based survey in Bangalore, south India. AIDS Behav. 2012;17(2):559–67. doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0192-3.
Sanders EJ, Graham SM, Okuku HS, et al. HIV-1 infection in high risk men who have sex with men in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS. 2007;21(18):2513–20. doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e3282f2704a.
Mukenge-Tshibaka L, Alary M, Geraldo N, Lowndes CM. Incorrect condom use and frequent breakage among female sex workers and their clients. Int J STDs AIDS. 2005;16(5):345–7.
Geibel S, Luchters S, Kingʼola N, Esu-Williams E, Rinyiru A, Tun W. Factors associated with self-reported unprotected anal sex among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(8):746–52. doi:10.1097/olq.0b013e318170589d.
Okal J, Luchters S, Geibel S, Chersich MF, Lango D, Temmerman M. Social context, sexual risk perceptions and stigma: HIV vulnerability among male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya. Cult Health Sex. 2009;11(8):811–26. doi:10.1080/13691050902906488.
McKinnon LR, Gakii G, Juno JA, et al. High HIV risk in a cohort of male sex workers from Nairobi, Kenya. Sex Transm Infect. 2013;90(3):237–42. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2013-051310.
Crosby RA, Mena L. Condom breakage among young Black men who have sex with men. Sex Transm Dis. 2016;43(2):84–6. doi:10.1097/olq.0000000000000401.
D’Anna LH, Margolis AD, Warner L, et al. Condom use problems during anal sex among men who have sex with men (MSM): findings from the safe in the city study. AIDS Care. 2012;24(8):1028–38. doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.668285.
Hernández-Romieu AC, Siegler AJ, Sullivan PS, Crosby R, Rosenberg ES. How often do condoms fail? a cross-sectional study exploring incomplete use of condoms, condom failures and other condom problems among black and white MSM in southern USA. Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90(8):602–7. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2014-051581.
Stone E, Heagerty P, Vittinghoff E, et al. Correlates of condom failure in a sexually active cohort of men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999;20(5):495–501. doi:10.1097/00042560-199904150-00013.
Rugpao S, Pruithithada N, Yutabootr Y, Prasertwitayakij W, Tovanabutra S. Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Contraception. 1993;48(6):537–47. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(93)90116-o.
Wong M-L, Chan RKW, Koh D, Wee S. A prospective study on condom slippage and breakage among female brothel-based sex workers in Singapore. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27(4):208–14. doi:10.1097/00007435-200004000-00005.
Alemayehu M, Yohannes G, Damte A, et al. Prevalence and predictors of sexual violence among commercial sex workers in northern Ethiopia. Reprod Health. 2015;12(1):47. doi:10.1186/s12978-015-0036-5.
Gurav K, Bradley J, Chandrashekhar Gowda G, Alary M. Perspectives on condom breakage: a qualitative study of female sex workers in Bangalore, India. Cult Health Sex. 2014;16(5):575–86. doi:10.1080/13691058.2014.883642.
Fawole O, Dagunduro A. Prevalence and correlates of violence against female sex workers in Abuja, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci. 2014;14(2):299. doi:10.4314/ahs.v14i2.4.
Micheni M, Rogers S, Wahome E, et al. Risk of sexual, physical and verbal assaults on men who have sex with men and female sex workers in coastal Kenya. AIDS. 2015;29:S231–6. doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000912.
Fritz K, Morojele N, Kalichman S. Alcohol: the forgotten drug in HIV/AIDS. Lancet. 2010;376(9739):398–400. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60884-7.
Rodríguez DC, Krishnan AK, Kumarasamy N, et al. Two sides of the same story: alcohol use and HIV risk taking in south India. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(S1):136–46. doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9722-z.
Pitpitan EV, Kalichman CK. Reducing HIV risks in the places where people drink: prevention interventions in alcohol venues. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(01):119–33. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1116-9.
Awungafac G, Delvaux T, Vuylsteke B. Systematic review of sex work interventions in sub-Saharan Africa: examining combination prevention approaches. Trop Med Int Health, 2017. doi: 10.1111/tmi.12890. [Epub ahead of print].
Collier K, Sandfort TG, Reddy V, Lane T. “This will not enter me.”: painful anal intercourse among Black men who have sex with men in South African Townships. Archiv Sex Behav. 2015;44(2):317–28.
World Health Organization. Guidelines on post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and the use of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV-related infections among adults, adolescents and children: recommendations for a public health approach: December 2014 supplement to the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/145719/1/9789241508193_eng.pdf.
Restar AJ, Tocco JU, Mantell JE, et al. Perspectives on HIV pre-and-post exposure prophylaxes (PREP and PEP) among female and male sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya: implications for integrating biomedical prevention into sexual health services. AIDS Educ Prev. 2017;29(2):141–53. doi:10.1521/aeap.2017.29.2.141.
Lowndes CM, Alary M, Labbe A-C, et al. Interventions among male clients of female sex workers in Benin, west Africa: an essential component of targeted HIV preventive interventions. Sex Transm Infect. 2007;83(7):577–81. doi:10.1136/sti.2007.027441.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by a NIMH Grant (R01-MH103034; PI, Joanne E. Mantell, MS, MSPH, Ph.D.) and a NIMH center Grant (P30-MH43520; PI: Robert H. Remien, Ph.D.). Dr. Tocco was supported by a NIMH training Grant (T32-MH19139 Behavioral Sciences Research in HIV Infection; PI: Theodorus G.M. Sandfort, Ph.D.). We would also like to acknowledge all the sex workers and clients who participated in this study, including the sex worker peer educators from the ICRH-Kenya.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Research Involving Human Participants and/or Animals
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
Informed Consent
Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Masvawure, T.B., Mantell, J.E., Tocco, J.U. et al. Intentional and Unintentional Condom Breakage and Slippage in the Sexual Interactions of Female and Male Sex Workers and Clients in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS Behav 22, 637–648 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1922-3
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1922-3