Trajectories of Marijuana Use among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1984–2013

AIDS and Behavior volume 21, pages1091–1104(2017)Cite this article

Abstract

To construct longitudinal trajectories of marijuana use in a sample of men who have sex with men living with or at-risk for HIV infection. We determined factors associated with distinct trajectories of use as well as those that serve to modify the course of the trajectory. Data were from 3658 [1439 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) and 2219 HIV-seronegative (HIV−)] participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Frequency of marijuana use was obtained semiannually over a 29-year period (1984–2013). Group-based trajectory models were used to identify the trajectories and to determine predictors and modifiers of the trajectories over time. Four distinct trajectories of marijuana use were identified: abstainer/infrequent (65 %), decreaser (13 %), increaser (12 %) and chronic high (10 %) use groups. HIV+ status was significantly associated with increased odds of membership in the decreaser, increaser and chronic high use groups. Alcohol, smoking, stimulant and other recreational drug use were associated with increasing marijuana use across all four trajectory groups. Antiretroviral therapy use over time was associated with decreasing marijuana use in the abstainer/infrequent and increaser trajectory groups. Having a detectable HIV viral load was associated with increasing marijuana use in the increaser group only. Future investigations are needed to determine whether long-term patterns of use are associated with adverse consequences especially among HIV+ persons.

Resumen

Construir unas trayectorias longitudinal del uso de marijuana por hombres que han tenido relaciones sexuales con otros hombres y tienen o son inclinado a tener VIH. Hemos determinado los factores distinto que son asociado con las trayectorias del uso y tambien los que sirven a modificar el curso de la trayectoria. Se analizó datos de 3.658 hombres (1.439 VIH-sero-positivo y 2.219 VIH-sero-negativo) del estudio Multicenter AIDS Cohort (MACS) que han tenido relaciones sexuales con otros hombres. La frecuencia del uso de marijuana se colecto semi anual sobre 29 años (1984–2013). Utilizamos modelos de trayectoria basado en grupos para identificar las trayectorias, determinar los indicadores y modificadores de las trayectorias sobre tiempo.Identificamos cuatro distinto trayectorias del uso de marijuana: [1] abstinente/infrecuente 65 % (2) disminución de uso 13 % (3) uso creciente 12 % y (4) crónico 10 %. Se nota una correlación significativamente con hombres VIH-positivo en grupos 2, 3 y 4, En el análisis de hombres solo VHI-positivo, uso del alcohol, cigarrillos, estimulantes y otras drogas tuvieron asociado con el uso de marijuana mas creciente sobre todos los groupos de la trayectorias. Hombres que practican terapia antiretroviral estuvieron asociado con grupos 1 y 3. Hombres con niveles de viral load detectable estuvieron asociado con group 3 solamente. Se requiere mas estudios para mejor analizar si el uso a largo plazo son asociadas con las consecuencias especialmente entre personas VIH-positivo.

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Acknowledgments

Chukwuemeka N Okafor is supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31-DA039810). Robert L Cook is supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U24-AA022002). Steve Shoptaw is supported by the National Institute on Mental Health (P30MH058107). The authors will like to thank Tariq Syed for his help in translating the abstract. Data in this manuscript were collected by the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) with centers at Baltimore (U01—AI35042): The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health: Joseph B. Margolick (PI), Barbara Crain, Adrian Dobs, Homayoon Farzadegan, Joel Gallant, Lisette Johnson-Hill, Cynthia Munro, Michael W. Plankey, Ned Sacktor, JamesShepard, Chloe Thio; Chicago (U01-AI35039): Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, and Cook County Bureau of Health Services: Steven M. Wolinsky (PI), John P. Phair, Sheila Badri, Maurice O’Gorman, David Ostrow, Frank Palella, Ann Ragin; Los Angeles(U01-AI35040): University of California, UCLA Schools of Public Health andMedicine: Roger Detels (PI), Otoniel Martínez-Maza (Co-P I), Aaron Aronow, Robert Bolan,Elizabeth Breen, Anthony Butch, Beth Jamieson, Eric N. Miller, John Oishi, Harry Vinters,Dorothy Wiley, Mallory Witt, Otto Yang, Stephen Young, Zuo Feng Zhang; Pittsburgh (U01-AI35041): University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health: Charles R. Rinaldo (PI),Lawrence A. Kingsley (Co-PI), James T. Becker, Ross D. Cranston, Jeremy J. Martinson, JohnW. Mellors, Anthony J. Silvestre, Ronald D. Stall; and the Data Coordinating Center (UM1-AI35043): The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health: Lisa P. Jacobson(PI), Alvaro Munoz (Co-PI), Alison, Abraham, Keri Althoff, Christopher Cox, Jennifer Deal,Gypsyamber D’Souza, Priya Duggal, Janet Schollenberger, Eric C. Seaberg, Sol Su, PamelaSurkan. The MACS is funded primarily by the National Institute of Allergy and InfectiousDiseases (NIAID), with additional co-funding from the National Cancer Institute (NCI).Targeted supplemental funding for specific projects was also provided by the National Heart,Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), and the National Institute on Deafness and CommunicationDisorders (NIDCD). MACS data collection is also supported by UL1-TR000424 (JHU CTSA).Website located at http://www.statepi.jhsph.edu/macs/macs.html. The contents of thispublication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Funding

This study was funded by National Institute on Drug Abuse (F31-DA039810), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (U24-AA022002) and the National Institute of Mental Health (P30MH058107).

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions, College of Medicine, University of Florida, 2004 Mowry Road, PO Box 100231, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA

    Chukwuemeka N. Okafor, Robert L. Cook & Xinguang Chen

  2. Social and Behavioral Interventions Program, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21209, USA

    Pamela J. Surkan

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neurology and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    James T. Becker

  4. David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Steve Shoptaw

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, 1645 W Jackson Blvd, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA

    Eileen Martin

  6. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, USA

    Michael W. Plankey

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  1. Chukwuemeka N. Okafor
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  2. Robert L. Cook
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Correspondence to Chukwuemeka N. Okafor.

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Okafor, C.N., Cook, R.L., Chen, X. et al. Trajectories of Marijuana Use among HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative MSM in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 1984–2013. AIDS Behav 21, 1091–1104 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-016-1445-3

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Keywords

  • Marijuana use
  • MSM
  • Trajectories
  • Persons living with HIV