Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Prevalence of HIV and Associated Risk Factors Among Long Distance Truck Drivers in Inchope, Mozambique, 2012

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This is the first integrated biological and behavioral surveillance survey among long-distance truck drivers (LDTD) in Mozambique. Using modified time-location sampling in 2012 at a key transportation junction (Inchope), we enrolled 327 male LDTD. HIV prevalence was 15.4 % (95 % confidence interval : 11.4–19.4 %, n = 318 tested). Among HIV-positive LDTD, 83.7 % did not know their status. One-third of LDTD had never tested for HIV and three-quarters had not received free condoms, lubricants or HIV literature in the past 12 months. In that same period, 61.4 % of LDTD had at least four sexual partners and 27.1 % paid for sex. Among sexually-active LDTD, 76.5 % did not use a condom at last sex. HIV was associated (p < 0.05) with primary education or lower (AOR 2.1), residence in Mozambique (AOR 2.3) and never having tested for HIV (AOR 2.2). Our findings reveal that broader coverage of HIV prevention and comprehensive care services for LDTD are urgently needed.

Resumen

Esta es la primera encuesta integrada de vigilancia biológica y de comportamientos entre los camioneros de larga distancia (CLD) en Mozambique. Participaran 327 camioneros del sexo masculino reclutados por muestreo por tiempo-lugar modificado en el año 2012 en un cruce clave de transporte (Inchope). La prevalencia del VIH fue del 15,4 % (95 % intervalo de confianza de 95 %: 11,4 a 19,4 %, n = 318 testados). Entre los camioneros VIH-positivo, el 83,7 % no sabía su seroestado. Un tercio de los CLD nunca había hecho la prueba del VIH y tres en cuatro CLD no recibieron gratuitamente condones, lubricantes o literatura del VIH en los últimos 12 meses. En lo mismo período, el 61,4 % de los CLD tuvo al menos cuatro parejas sexuales y el 27,1 % pagó por sexo. Entre los CLD sexualmente activos, 76,5 % no utilizó un preservativo en su última relación sexual. El VIH se asoció significativamente (p < 0,05) con educación primaria o inferior (razón de probabilidad ajustada-AOR: 2.1), residencia en Mozambique (AOR 2.3) y nunca haber hecho la prueba del VIH (AOR 2.2). Nuestros resultados revelan la necesidad urgente de expandir la cobertura de la prevención del VIH y de servicios de cuidado integral.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, United Nations. Global Report: UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS epidemic: 2012 [Internet]. [Geneva]: UNAIDS; 2012 [Accessed 9 Jun 2013]. http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/epidemiology/2012/gr2012/20121120_UNAIDS_Global_Report_2012_en.pdf.

  2. Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Instituto Nacional de Estatística, ICF Macro. Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência, Riscos Comportamentais e Informação sobre o HIV e SIDA em Moçambique 2009. Calverton, Maryland, USA; 2010.

  3. Weine SM, Kashuba AB. Labor migration and hiv risk: a systematic review of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:1605–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Deane KD, Parkhurst JO, Johnston D. Linking migration, mobility and HIV. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 2010;15:1458–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ramjee G, Gouws E. Prevalence of HIV among truck drivers visiting sex workers in KwaZulu-Natal South Africa. Sex Transm Dis. 2002;29:44–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Atilola GO, Akpa OM, Komolafe IOO. HIV/AIDS and the long-distance truck drivers in south-west Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey on the knowledge, attitude, risk behaviour and beliefs of truckers. J Infect Public Health. 2010;3:166–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Delany-Moretlwe S, Bello B, Kinross P, Oliff M, Chersich M, Kleinschmidt I, et al. HIV prevalence and risk in long-distance truck drivers in South Africa: a national cross-sectional survey. Int J STD AIDS. 2014;25:428–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sunmola AM. Sexual practices, barriers to condom use and its consistent use among long distance truck drivers in Nigeria. AIDS Care. 2005;17:208–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Matovu JKB, Ssebadduka BN. Sexual risk behaviours, condom use and sexually transmitted infection treatment-seeking behaviours among female sex workers and truck drivers in Uganda. Int J STD AIDS. 2012;23:267–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Mosoko JJ, Macauley IB, Zoungkanyi A-CB, Bella A, Koulla-Shiro S. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and associated factors among specific population subgroups in Cameroon. AIDS Behav. 2009;13:277–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Morris CN, Ferguson AG. Sexual and treatment-seeking behaviour for sexually transmitted infection in long-distance transport workers of East Africa. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;83:242–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Morris CN, Ferguson AG. Estimation of the sexual transmission of HIV in Kenya and Uganda on the trans-Africa highway: the continuing role for prevention in high risk groups. Sex Transm Infect. 2006;82:368–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Azuonwu O, Erhabor O, Frank-Peterside N. HIV infection in long-distance truck drivers in a low income setting in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. J Community Health. 2011;36:583–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. International Organization for Migration (IOM). HIV “Hop-spot” mapping of two transport corridors in Mozambique. Maputo, Mozambique; 2011.

  15. Bwayo J, Plummer F, Omari M, Mutere A, Moses S, Ndinya-Achola J, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in long-distance truck drivers in east Africa. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1391–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Coffee M, Lurie MN, Garnett GP. Modelling the impact of migration on the HIV epidemic in South Africa. AIDS Lond Engl. 2007;21:343–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Lagarde E, van der Loeff MS, Enel C, Holmgren B, Dray-Spira R, Pison G, et al. Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32:744–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Lafort Y, Geelhoed D, Cumba L, Lázaro CDM, Delva W, Luchters S, et al. Reproductive health services for populations at high risk of HIV: Performance of a night clinic in Tete province, Mozambique. BMC Health Serv Res. 2010;10:1–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Provincial Department of Health of Tete Province, International Center for Reproductive Health of the University of Ghent. Prevalência de ITS/HIV e comportamento de saúde sexual em grupos de alto risco na província de Tete: Relatório Final. Mozambique; 2008.

  20. Raymond HF, Ick T, Grasso M, Vaudrey J, McFarland W. Resource guide: time location sampling (TLS), 2nd edition [Internet]. San Francisco, United States: San Francisco Department of Public Health, HIV Epidemiology Section, Behavioral Surveillance Unit; 2007. http://globalhealthsciences.ucsf.edu/sites/default/files/content/pphg/surveillance/modules/global-trainings/tls-res-guide-2nd-edition.pdf.

  21. Direccao Provincial de Saude de Tete, International Center for Reprodutive Health. Prevalência de ITS/HIV e comportamento de saúde sexual em grupos de alto risco na província de Tete: relatório final. Tete, Moçambique: ICRH; 2008.

  22. Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1789.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nalá R, Cummings B, Horth R, Inguane C, Benedetti M, Chissano M, et al. Men who have sex with men in Mozambique: identifying a hidden population at high-risk for HIV. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:393–404.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Baltazar CS, Horth R, Inguane C, Sathane I, César F, Ricardo H, et al. HIV prevalence and risk behaviors among mozambicans working in South African mines. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:59–67.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Young PW, Horth RZ, Inguane C, Sathane I, Ngale K, et al. High burden of HIV infection and risk behaviors among female sex workers in three main Urban areas of Mozambique. AIDS Behav. 2015. doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1140-9.

  26. Kiderlen TR, Conteh M, Roll S, Seeling S, Weinmann S. Cross-sectional study assessing HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and behavior in the Namibian truck transport sector: readjusting HIV prevention programs in the workplace. J. Infect. Public Health [Internet]; Accessed 30 March 2015. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876034115000386.

  27. Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT), ICF Internation. Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey 2010-11. [Internet]. Calverton, Maryland, USA: ZIMSTAT and ICF International Inc.; 2012. Available from: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR254/FR254.pdf.

  28. National Statistical Office (NSO), ICF Macro. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2010. [Internet]. Zomba, Malawi, and Calverton, Maryland, USA: NSO and ICF Macro; 2011. Available from: http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR247/FR247.pdf.

  29. Gomez GB, Venter WDF, Lange JMA, Rees H, Hankins C. North-South corridor demonstration project: ethical and logistical challenges in the design of a demonstration study of early antiretroviral treatment for long distance truck drivers along a transport corridor through South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Zambia. Adv Prev Med. 2013;2013:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Ojo O, Verbeek JH, Rasanen K, Heikkinen J, Isotalo LK, Mngoma N, et al. Interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviour for preventing HIV infection in workers in occupational settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Juneja S, Tirumalasetti VR, Mishra RM, Sethu S, Singh IR. Impact of an HIV prevention intervention on condom use among long distance truckers in India. AIDS Behav. 2012;17:1040–51.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Pandey A, Mishra RM, Sahu D, Benara SK, Sengupta U, Paranjape RS, et al. Heading towards the Safer Highways: an assessment of the Avahan prevention programme among long distance truck drivers in India. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:S15.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the IBBS-Truckers survey team for their assistance in the field and office; the Center for the Investigation of Infectious Diseases (CIDI) of the Catholic University of Mozambique, the Manica Provincial Health Directorate (DPS de Manica); Pathfinder International for their technical and logistical support; and Angelica Miranda for helping edit the manuscript. This research was supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) through the U.S. Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Mozambique Country Office under the terms of Cooperative Agreement Number U2GPS001468. The views expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Government.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health-Mozambique, Maputo, Mozambique

    Carlos Botão

  2. Global Health Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Roberta Z. Horth, Heidi Frank, Willi McFarland & H. Fisher Raymond

  3. Division of Global HIV/AIDS, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Maputo, Mozambique

    Beverley Cummings & Peter W. Young

  4. International Training and Education Center for Health (I-TECH), Maputo, Mozambique

    Celso Inguane & Isabel Sathane

Authors
  1. Carlos Botão
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Roberta Z. Horth
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Heidi Frank
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Beverley Cummings
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Celso Inguane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Isabel Sathane
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Willi McFarland
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. H. Fisher Raymond
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Peter W. Young
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos Botão.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Botão, C., Horth, R.Z., Frank, H. et al. Prevalence of HIV and Associated Risk Factors Among Long Distance Truck Drivers in Inchope, Mozambique, 2012. AIDS Behav 20, 811–820 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1194-8

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1194-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation