Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Cost and Threshold Analysis of Positive Charge, a Multi-site Linkage to HIV Care Program in the United States

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
AIDS and Behavior Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Positive Charge (PC) is a linkage to HIV care initiative implemented by AIDS United with sites in New York, Chicago, Louisiana, North Carolina, and the San Francisco/Bay Area. This study employed standard methods of cost and threshold analyses, as recommended by the US Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine, to calculate cost-saving and cost effective thresholds of the initiative. The overall societal cost of the linkage to care programs ranged from $48,490 to $370,525. The study found that PC’s five unique evidence-based linkage to care programs have relatively low costs per client served and highly achievable cost-saving and cost-effectiveness thresholds. The findings from this study suggest that HIV linkage to care programs have the potential to be a highly productive use of public health resources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Monitoring selected national HIV prevention and care objectives by using HIV surveillance data—United States and 6 dependent areas—2012. HIV Surveillance Supplemental Report 2014;19(3).

  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV in the United States: At a Glance. http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/basics/ataglance.html (2014). Accessed 16 Feb 2015.

  3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Report. 2012;24.

  4. Gardner EM, McLees MP, Steiner JF, Del Rio C, Burman WJ. The spectrum of engagement in HIV care and its relevance to test-and-treat strategies for prevention of HIV infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:793–800.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Althoff KN, Gange SJ, Klein MB, Brooks JT, Hogg RS, Bosch RJ, et al. Late presentation for human immunodeficiency virus care in the United States and Canada. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(11):1512–20.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hall HI, Frazier EL, Rhodes P, Holtgrave DR, et al. Differences in human immunodeficiency virus care and treatment among subpopulations in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(14):1337–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Creese A, Floyd K, Alban A, Guinness L. Cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS interventions in Africa: a systematic review of the evidence. Lancet. 2002;359(9318):1635–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hogan DR, Baltussen R, Hayashi C, Lauer JA, Salomon JA. Cost effectiveness analysis of strategies to combat HIV/AIDS in developing countries. BMJ. 2005;331(7530):1431–7.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Walker D. Cost and cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention strategies in developing countries: is there an evidence base? Health Policy Plan. 2003;18:4–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kessler J, Myers JE, Nucifora KA, Mensah N, Kowalski A, et al. Averting HIV infections in New York City: a modeling approach estimating the future impact of additional behavioral and biomedical HIV prevention strategies. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e73269.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Long EF, Brandeau ML, Owens DK. The cost-effectiveness and population outcomes of expanded HIV screening and antiretroviral treatment in the United States. Ann Intern Med. 2010;153:778–89.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Weaver MR, Conover CJ, Proescholdbell RJ, Arno PS, Ang A, Uldall KK, Ettner SL. Cost-effectiveness analysis of integrated care for people with HIV, chronic mental illness and substance abuse disorders. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2009;12(1):33–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Gardner LI, Metsch LR, Anderson-Mahoney P, Loughlin AM, Del Rio C, Strathdee S, et al. Efficacy of a brief case management intervention to link recently diagnosed HIV-infected persons to care. Aids. 2005;19(4):423–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Gold MR, Seigel JE, Russel LB, Weinstein MC, editors. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Holtgrave DR. Handbook of economic evaluation of HIV prevention programs. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation; 1998.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  16. Holtgrave DR, Briddell K, Little E, Bendixen AV, Hooper M, Kidder DP, et al. Cost and threshold analysis of housing as an HIV prevention intervention. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(2):162–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Gorsky RD. A method to measure the costs of counseling for HIV prevention. Public Health Rep. 1996;111(Suppl 1):115.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Holtgrave DR, Pinkerton SD. Updates of cost of illness and quality of life estimates for use in economic evaluations of HIV prevention programs. JAIDS. 1997;16(1):54–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hutchinson AB, Farnham PG, Dean HD, Ekwueme DU, DelRio C, Kamimoto L, Kellerman SE. The economic burden of HIV in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: evidence of continuing racial and ethnic differences. JAIDS. 2006;43(4):451–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Pinkerton SD, Johnson-Masotti AP, Holtgrave DR, Farnham PG. Using cost-effectiveness league tables to compare interventions to prevent sexual transmission of HIV. AIDS. 2011;15(7):917–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Schackman BR, Gebo KA, Walensky RP, et al. The lifetime cost of current Human Immunodeficiency Virus care in the United States. Med Care. 2006;44(11):990–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Farnham PG, Holtgrave DR, Gopalappa C, Hutchinson AB. Lifetime costs and QALYs saved from HIV prevention in the test and treat era letter to the editor. JAIDS. 2013;64(2):e15–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Walensky RP, Freedberg KA, Weinstein MC, Paltiel AD. Cost-effectiveness of HIV testing and treatment in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(Suppl 4):S248–54.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cohen DA, Wu SY, Farley TA. Comparing the cost-effectiveness of HIV prevention interventions. JAIDS. 2004;37:1404–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. White House Office of National AIDS Policy. National HIV/AIDS Strategy for the United States. Washington: White House Office of National AIDS Policy; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Skarbinski J, Rosenberg E, Paz-Bailey G, Hall HI, Rose CE, Viall AH, Fagan JL, Lansky A, Mermin JK. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission at Each Step of the Care Continuum in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(4):588–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Seek, Test, Treat and Retain: Addressing HIV among Vulnerable Populations. http://www.drugabuse.gov/researchers/research-resources/data-harmonization-projects/seek-test-treat-retain/addressing-hiv-among-vulnerable-populations. Accessed 18 Feb 2014.

  28. Lasry A, Richter A, Lutscher F. Recommendations for increasing the use of HIV/AIDS resource allocation models. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:S8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Paltiel AD, Stinnett AA. Resource allocation and the funding of HIV prevention. In: Holtgrave DR, editor. Handbook of economic evaluation of HIV prevention programs. New York: Plenum Press; 1998. p. 135–52.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Rauner MS, Brandeau ML. AIDS policy odeling for the 21st century: an overview of key issues. Health Care Manag Sci. 2001;4:165–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Holtgrave DR. HIV prevention, cost-utility analysis, and race/ethnicity: methodological considerations and recommendations. Med Decis Making. 2004;24(2):181–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Pinkerton SD, Johnson-Masotti AP, Holtgrave DR, Farnham PG. Using cost-effectiveness league tables.

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the PC intervention staff for their dedication and for the individuals who participated in the PC intervention. This evaluation project is supported by a grant from AIDS United to Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The overall Positive Charge Project was supported by a grant from Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) to AIDS United. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health only had a relationship with AIDS United (not BMS). We would also like to acknowledge those whose who took time to review the manuscript. The findings and conclusions in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of AIDS United, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, or the grantees of the Positive Charge initiative.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Consortia

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cathy Maulsby.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The PC initiative was supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb and AIDS United. AIDS United executed and monitored the contract to Johns Hopkins School of Public Health to evaluate the program. The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to report at this time.

Additional information

The members of the PC Intervention Team: Peter Messeri and Maiko Yomogida (Columbia University, New York City, New York); Goldie Komaie, Michael Rivers, and Roman Buenrostro (AIDS Foundation of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois); and Sarah Chrestman and Karen Mason (Louisiana Public Health Institute, New Orleans, Louisiana).

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary material 1 (XLS 43 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kim, J.J., Maulsby, C., Zulliger, R. et al. Cost and Threshold Analysis of Positive Charge, a Multi-site Linkage to HIV Care Program in the United States. AIDS Behav 19, 1735–1741 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1124-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-015-1124-9

Keywords

Navigation