Skip to main content

A Network-Individual-Resource Model for HIV Prevention

AIDS and Behavior volume 14, pages 204–221 (2010)Cite this article

Abstract

HIV is transmitted through dyadic exchanges of individuals linked in transitory or permanent networks of varying sizes. A theoretical perspective that bridges key individual level elements with important network elements can be a complementary foundation for developing and implementing HIV interventions with outcomes that are more sustainable over time and have greater dissemination potential. Toward that end, we introduce a Network-Individual-Resource (NIR) model for HIV prevention that recognizes how exchanges of resources between individuals and their networks underlies and sustains HIV-risk behaviors. Individual behavior change for HIV prevention, then, may be dependent on increasing the supportiveness of that individual’s relevant networks for such change. Among other implications, an NIR model predicts that the success of prevention efforts depends on whether the prevention efforts (1) prompt behavior changes that can be sustained by the resources the individual or their networks possess; (2) meet individual and network needs and are consistent with the individual’s current situation/developmental stage; (3) are trusted and valued; and (4) target high HIV-prevalence networks.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

USD 39.95

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

References

  1. Friedman SR, Cooper HL, Osborne AH. Structural and social contexts of HIV risk among African Americans. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1002–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Latkin CA, Knowlton AR. Micro-social structural approaches to HIV prevention: a social ecological perspective. AIDS Care. 2005;17(Suppl 1):S102–13.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Salazar LF, Bradley EL, Younge SN, et al. Applying ecological perspectives to adolescent sexual health in the United States: rhetoric or reality? Health Educ Res. Dec 9 2009 [Epub ahead of print].

  4. Conner M, Norman P, editors. Predicting health behaviour: research and practice with social cognition models. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2005.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Fishbein M, Triandis H, Kanfer F, Becker M, Middlestadt S, Eichler A. Factors influencing behavior and behavior change. In: Baum A, Revenson T, Singer J, editors. Handbook of health psychology. Mahwah: Erlbaum; 2001. p. 3–17.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Noar S, Zimmerman R. Health behavior theory and cumulative knowledge regarding health behaviors: are we moving in the right direction? Health Educ Res. 2005;20(3):275–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mustanski B, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Winter T, Rose RJ. Sexual behavior in young adulthood: a population-based twin study. Health Psychol. 2007;26(5):610–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Albarracin D, Johnson BT, Fishbein M, Muellerleile PA. Theories of reasoned action and planned behavior as models of condom use: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 2001;127(1):142–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sheeran P, Abraham C, Orbell S. Psychosocial correlates of heterosexual condom use: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1999;125(1):90–132.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Albarracin D, Gillette JC, Earl AN, Glasman LR, Durantini MR, Ho MH. A test of major assumptions about behavior change: a comprehensive look at the effects of passive and active HIV-prevention interventions since the beginning of the epidemic. Psychol Bull. 2005;131(6):856–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Webb TL, Sheeran P. Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychol Bull. 2006;132(2):249–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Johnson BT, Carey MP, Marsh KL, Levin KD, Scott-Sheldon LA. Interventions to reduce sexual risk for the human immunodeficiency virus in adolescents, 1985–2000: a research synthesis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157(4):381–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bastos FI, Strathdee SA. Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(12):1771–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Bauermeister JA, Tross S, Ehrhardt AA. A review of HIV/AIDS system-level interventions. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(3):430–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Volmink J. Mother to child transmission of HIV. Clin Evid. Jun 2002(7):709–16.

  16. Smith KP, Christakis NA. Social networks and health. Annu Rev Sociol. 2008;34:405–29.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Loewenson R, Hadingham J, Whiteside A. Household impacts of AIDS: using a life course approach to identify effective, poverty-reducing interventions for prevention, treatment and care. AIDS Care. 2009;21(8):1032–41.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. UNAIDS. 2004 Report on the Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  19. WHO. The world health report 2004: changing history. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Merson MH, O’Malley J, Serwadda D, Apisuk C. The history and challenge of HIV prevention. Lancet. 2008;372(9637):475–88.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bene C, Merten S. Women and fish-for-sex: transactional sex, HIV/AIDS and gender in African fisheries. World Dev. 2008;36(5):875–99.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Cloete A, Simbayi LC, Kalichman SC, Strebel A, Henda N. Stigma and discrimination experiences of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2008;20(9):1105–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Hunter M. The changing political economy of sex in South Africa: the significance of unemployment and inequalities to the scale of the AIDS pandemic. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(3):689–700.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Kagee A, et al. Associations of poverty, substance use, and HIV transmission risk behaviors in three South African communities. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(7):1641–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Simbayi LC, Kalichman S, Strebel A, Cloete A, Henda N, Mqeketo A. Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2007;64(9):1823–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. UNAIDS. Gender and HIV/AIDS: taking stock of research and programmes. Geneva: UNAIDS; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Mansson F, Biague A, da Silva ZJ, et al. Prevalence and incidence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 before, during and after a civil war in an occupational cohort in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa. AIDS. 2009;23(12):1575–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Udoh IA, Mantell JE, Sandfort T, Eighmy MA. Potential pathways to HIV/AIDS transmission in the Niger Delta of Nigeria: poverty, migration and commercial sex. AIDS Care. 2009;21(5):567–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, Blank MB, Metzger DS. Future directions for HIV prevention research: charting a prevention science research agenda. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(Suppl 1):S47–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Noar SM, Benac CN, Harris MS. Does tailoring matter? Meta-analytic review of tailored print health behavior change interventions. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(4):673–93.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Johnson BT, Scott-Sheldon LA, Smoak ND, Lacroix JM, Anderson JR, Carey MP. Behavioral interventions for African Americans to reduce sexual risk of HIV: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(4):492–501.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Fisher J, Fisher W. Theoretical approaches to individual-level change in HIV-risk behavior. In: Peterson J, DiClemente R, editors. HIV prevention handbook. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press; 2000. p. 3–55.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Piot P, Bartos M, Larson H, Zewdie D, Mane P. Coming to terms with complexity: a call to action for HIV prevention. Lancet. 2008;372(9641):845–59.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D. Can we improve our physical health by altering our social networks? Perspect Psychol Sci. 2009;4(4):375–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Wiessing L, Likatavicius G, Klempova D, Hedrich D, Nardone A, Griffiths P. Associations between availability and coverage of HIV-prevention measures and subsequent incidence of diagnosed HIV infection among injection drug users. Am J Public Health. 2009;99(6):1049–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. UNDP. Human development report 2007/2008. New York: United Nations Development Programme; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  37. McAlister AR, Pachana N, Jackson CJ. Predictors of young dating adults’ inclination to engage in extradyadic sexual activities: a multi-perspective study. Br J Psychol. 2005;96(3):331–50.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Roscoe B, Cavanaugh LE, Kennedy DR. Dating infidelity: behaviors, reasons and consequences. Adolescence. 1988;23(89):35–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Rhodes T, Singer M, Bourgois P, Friedman SR, Strathdee SA. The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(5):1026–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Gibbons FX, Eggleston TJ. Smoker networks and the “typical smoker”: a prospective analysis of smoking cessation. Health Psychol. 1996;15(6):469–77.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Unger JB, Chen X. The role of social networks and media receptivity in predicting age of smoking initiation: a proportional hazards model of risk and protective factors. Addict Behav. 1999;24(3):371–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Papacrhistos AV. Murder by structure: dominance relations and the social structure of gang homicide. Am J Sociol. 2009;115:74–128.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Moreland R, Levine J. Socialization in small groups: temporal changes in individual group relations. In: Berkowitz L, editor. Advances in experimental social psychology, vol. 15. New York: Academic Press; 1982. p. 137–92.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mayer KH, Bradford JB, Makadon HJ, Stall R, Goldhammer H, Landers S. Sexual and gender minority health: what we know and what needs to be done. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(6):989–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Rosser B, Oakes J, Bockting W, Miner M. Capturing the social demographics of the transgender population in the United States. Sex Res Social Policy. 2007;4(2):50–64.

    Google Scholar 

  46. CDC. Trends in HIV/AIDS diagnoses among men who have sex with men—33 states, 2001–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2008;57(25):681–6.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Sullivan PS, Hamouda O, Delpech V, et al. Reemergence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, 1996–2005. Ann Epidemiol. 2009;19(6):423–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wagner GJ, Remien RH. Prevalence of extradyadic sex in male couples of mixed HIV status and its relationship to psychological distress and relationship quality. J Homosex. 2000;39(2):31–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Remien R, Morin S, Lightfoot M, Weinhardt L, Ehrhardt A. Sexual risk: behaviors, attitudes, and meaning among a diverse sample of HIV-seropositive adults in four US cities. Paper presented at national HIV prevention conference 2001, Atlanta, GA.

  50. Hays RB, Rebchook GM, Kegeles SM. The Mpowerment Project: community-building with young gay and bisexual men to prevent HIV1. Am J Community Psychol. 2003;31(3–4):301–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Kegeles SM, Hays RB, Coates TJ. The Mpowerment Project: a community-level HIV prevention intervention for young gay men. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(8):1129–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Kegeles SM, Hays RB, Pollack LM, Coates TJ. Mobilizing young gay and bisexual men for HIV prevention: a two-community study. AIDS. 1999;13(13):1753–62.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Kohler PK, Manhart LE, Lafferty WE. Abstinence-only and comprehensive sex education and the initiation of sexual activity and teen pregnancy. J Adolesc Health. 2008;42(4):344–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Chigwedere P, Seage GR 3rd, Gruskin S, Lee TH. Estimating the lost benefits of antiretroviral drug use in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49(4):410–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Blum RW. Uganda AIDS prevention: A, B, C and politics. J Adolesc Health. 2004;34(5):428–32.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wolitski RJ, Stall R, Valdiserri RO, editors. Unequal opportunity: health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674–97.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Diamant AL, Wold C. Sexual orientation and variation in physical and mental health status among women. J Womens Health. 2003;12(1):41–9.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Dodge B, Sandfort TGM. A review of mental health research on bisexual individuals when compared to homosexual and heterosexual individuals. In: Firestein BA, editor. Becoming visible: counseling bisexuals across the lifespan. New York: Columbia University Press; 1997. p. 28–51.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Garofalo R, Wolf RC, Wissow LS, Woods ER, Goodman E. Sexual orientation and risk of suicide attempts among a representative sample of youth. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(5):487–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995;36(1):38–56.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Paul JP, Catania J, Pollack L, et al. Suicide attempts among gay and bisexual men: lifetime prevalence and antecedents. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(8):1338–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Marshal MP, Friedman MS, Stall R, et al. Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: a meta-analysis and methodological review. Addiction. 2008;103(4):546–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Mustanski B, Garofalo R, Herrick A, Donenberg G. Psychosocial health problems increase risk for HIV among urban young men who have sex with men: preliminary evidence of a syndemic in need of attention. Ann Behav Med. 2007;34(1):37–45.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Stall R, Mills TC, Williamson J, et al. Association of co-occurring psychosocial health problems and increased vulnerability to HIV/AIDS among urban men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2003;93(6):939–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. UNAIDS. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Obermeyer CM, Osborn M. The utilization of testing and counseling for HIV: a review of the social and behavioral evidence. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(10):1762–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Rogers EM. Diffusion of innovations. 3rd ed. New York: The Free Press; 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Stanton B, Cole M, Galbraith J, et al. Randomized trial of a parent intervention: parents can make a difference in long-term adolescent risk behaviors, perceptions, and knowledge. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158(10):947–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Stanton B, Fang X, Li X, Feigelman S, Galbraith J, Ricardo I. Evolution of risk behaviors over 2 years among a cohort of urban African American adolescents. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1997;151(4):398–406.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Wu Y, Stanton BF, Galbraith J, et al. Sustaining and broadening intervention impact: a longitudinal randomized trial of 3 adolescent risk reduction approaches. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):e32–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Valente TW, Okamoto J, Pumpuang P, Okamoto P, Sussman S. Differences in perceived implementation of a standard versus peer-led interactive substance abuse prevention program. Am J Health Behav. 2007;2007(31):3.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Noguchi K, Albarracin D, Durantini MR, Glasman LR. Who participates in which health promotion programs? A meta-analysis of motivations underlying enrollment and retention in HIV-prevention interventions. Psychol Bull. 2007;133(6):955–75.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Pratto F, Lee I, Tan JY, Pitpitan E. Power basis theory: a psycho-ecological approach to power. In: Dunning D, editor. Social motivation. New York: Psychology Press; 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Kaiser Family Foundation. Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States. 2008. http://www.kff.org/hivaids/upload/6092-04.pdf. Accessed September 2009.

  76. Wenzel S, Tucker J, Elliott M, Hambarsoomian K. Sexual risk among impoverished women: understanding the role of housing status. AIDS Behav. 2007;11(Supp. 2):9–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Gangakhedkar RR, Bentley ME, Divekar AD, et al. Spread of HIV infection in married monogamous women in India. JAMA. 1997;278(23):2090–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Lane SD, Rubinstein RA, Keefe RH, et al. Structural violence and racial disparity in HIV transmission. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2004;15(3):319–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Padian NS, Shiboski SC, Jewell NP. Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. JAMA. 1991;266(12):1664–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Amaro H. Love, sex, and power. Considering women’s realities in HIV prevention. Am Psychol. 1995;50(6):437–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Huda S. Sex trafficking in South Asia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2006;94(3):374–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Upchurch DM, Kusunoki Y. Associations between forced sex, sexual and protective practices, and sexually transmitted diseases among a national sample of adolescent girls. Womens Health Issues. 2004;14(3):75–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Wilson HW, Widom CS. An examination of risky sexual behavior and HIV in victims of child abuse and neglect: a 30-year follow-up. Health Psychol. 2008;27(2):149–58.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Wyatt GE, Myers HF, Loeb TB. Women, trauma, and HIV: an overview. AIDS Behav. 2004;8(4):401–3.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Epstein H. The invisible cure: Africa, the west, and the fight against AIDS. New York: Farrar Straus & Giroux; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. Application of the theory of gender and power to examine HIV-related exposures, risk factors, and effective interventions for women. Health Educ Behav. 2000;27(5):539–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ehrhardt AA, Sawires S, McGovern T, Peacock D, Weston M. Gender, empowerment, and health: what is it? How does it work? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;51(Suppl 3):S96–105.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM. A randomized controlled trial of an HIV sexual risk-reduction intervention for young African-American women. JAMA. 1995;274(16):1271–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. The ADAPT-ITT model: a novel method of adapting evidence-based HIV interventions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;47(Suppl 1):S40–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Browning CR, Leventhal T, Brooks-Gunn J. Neighborhood context and racial differences in early adolescent sexual activity. Demography. 2004;41(4):697–720.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Cohen D, Spear S, Scribner R, Kissinger P, Mason K, Wildgen J. “Broken windows” and the risk of gonorrhea. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(2):230–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Grady WR, Klepinger DH, Billy JO. The influence of community characteristics on the practice of effective contraception. Fam Plann Perspect. 1993;25(1):4–11.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Simoni JM, Pantalone DW. Secrets and safety in the age of AIDS: does HIV disclosure lead to safer sex? Top HIV Med. 2004;12(4):109–18.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Garofalo R, Mustanski B, Emerson E, Stauffer A. Race/ethnicity differences in HIV risk among young men who have sex with men. J Urban Health (in press).

  95. Harawa NT, Greenland S, Bingham TA, et al. Associations of race/ethnicity with HIV prevalence and HIV-related behaviors among young men who have sex with men in 7 urban centers in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;35(5):526–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Raymond HF, McFarland W. Racial mixing and HIV risk among men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2009;13(4):630–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA, Secura GM, et al. Unrecognized HIV infection, risk behaviors, and perceptions of risk among young men who have sex with men: opportunities for advancing HIV prevention in the third decade of HIV/AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005;38(5):603–14.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Weinhardt LS, Carey MP, Johnson BT, Bickham NL. Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985–1997. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1397–405.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bandura A. Social cognitive theory and exercise of control over HIV infection. In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, editors. Preventing AIDS: theories and methods of behavioral interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1994. p. 25–59.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: an introduction to theory and research. Reading: Addison-Wesley; 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Ajzen I, Madden TJ. Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions and perceived behavioral control. J Exp Soc Psychol. 1986;22:453–74.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. Am J Health Promot. 1997;12(1):38–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Prochaska J, Redding C, Evers K. The transtheoretical model and stages of change. In: Glanz K, Rimer B, Viswanath K, editors. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc; 2008. p. 170–222.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Changing AIDS-risk behavior. Psychol Bull. 1992;111(3):455–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Noar SM. Behavioral interventions to reduce HIV-related sexual risk behavior: review and synthesis of meta-analytic evidence. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(3):335–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Johnson BT, Scott-Sheldon LAJ, Carey MP. Meta-synthesis of health behavior change meta-analyses. Am J Public Health. Feb 18 2010 [Epub ahead of print].

  108. Johnson BT, Eagly AH. Effects of involvement on persuasion: a meta-analysis. Psychol Bull. 1989;106(2):290–314.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Abelson RP. Beliefs are like possessions. J Theory Soc Behav. 1986;16(3):223–50.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Burton J, Darbes LA, Operario D. Couples-focused behavioral interventions for prevention of HIV: systematic review of the state of evidence. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(1):1–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Smoak ND, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP. Sexual risk reduction interventions do not inadvertently increase the overall frequency of sexual behavior: a meta-analysis of 174 studies with 116,735 participants. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006;41(3):374–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Coates TJ, Richter L, Caceres C. Behavioural strategies to reduce HIV transmission: how to make them work better. Lancet. 2008;372(9639):669–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Ewart CK. Social action theory for a public health psychology. Am Psychol. 1991;46(9):931–46.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol. 1989;44(3):513–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Karney BR, Bradbury TN. The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: a review of theory, method, and research. Psychol Bull. 1995;118(1):3–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Bronfenbrenner U. Toward an experimental ecology of human development. Am Psychol. 1997;32:513–31.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Pronyk PM, Hargreaves JR, Kim JC, et al. Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet. 2006;368(9551):1973–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Thibaut JW, Kelley HH. The social psychology of groups. New York: Wiley; 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Noar SM. An interventionist’s guide to AIDS behavioral theories. AIDS Care. 2007;19(3):392–402.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Coleman JS. Social capital in the creation of human capital. Am J Sociol. 1988;94(S1):S95–120.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Putnam RD. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Larsen L, Harlan SL, Bolin B, et al. Bonding and bridging—understanding the relationship between social capital and civic action. J Plan Educ Res. 2004;24(1):64–77.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Zimmerman RS, Noar SM, Feist-Price S, et al. Longitudinal test of a multiple domain model of adolescent condom use. J Sex Res. 2007;44(4):380–94.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Connell RW. Gender and power. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Canin L, Dolcini M, Adler N. Barriers to and facilitators of HIV-STD behavior change: intrapersonal and relationship-based factors. Rev Gen Psychol. 1999;3(4):338–71.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Misovich S, Fisher J, Fisher W. Close relationships and elevated HIV risk behavior: evidence and possibly underlying psychological process. Rev Gen Psychol. 1997;1(1):72–107.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Friedman SR, de Jong W, Rossi D, et al. Harm reduction theory: users culture, micro-social indigenous harm reduction, and the self-organization and outside-organizing of users’ groups. Int J Drug Policy. 2007;18(2):107–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kelly JA. Popular opinion leaders and HIV prevention peer education: resolving discrepant findings, and implications for the development of effective community programmes. AIDS Care. 2004;16(2):139–50.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Poundstone KE, Strathdee SA, Celentano DD. The social epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Epidemiol Rev. 2004;26:22–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Bolger N, Davis A, Rafaeli E. Diary methods: capturing life as it is lived. Annu Rev Psychol. 2003;54:579–616.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Tennen H, Affleck G, Armeli S, Carney MA. A daily process approach to coping. Linking theory, research, and practice. Am Psychol. 2000;55(6):626–36.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  132. Tennen H, Affleck G. Daily processes in coping with chronic pain: methods and analytic strategies. In: Zeidner M, Endler NS, editors. Handbook of coping: theory, research, applications. Oxford: Wiley; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Huedo-Medina TB, Boynton MH, Warren MR, Lacroix JM, Carey MP, Johnson BT. Efficacy of HIV prevention interventions in Latin American and Caribbean Nations, 1995–2008: a meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. Jul 27 2010 [Epub ahead of print].

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors dedicate this article to the memory of Martin Fishbein (1936–2009), our colleague and friend, whose commitment to theory-building, research and HIV prevention continue to inspire those who were networked with him and those who will symbolically do so into posterity. The preparation of this article was supported in part by NIMH grant R13-MH080619 and benefitted from comments provided by attendees at the conference that it funded. Dolores Albarracín, Marijn de Bruin, Tania B. Huedo-Medina, and two anonymous reviewers also provided helpful commentary.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Blair T. Johnson, Michelle R. Warren & Jeffrey D. Fisher

  2. Cancer Prevention Research Center, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA

    Colleen A. Redding

  3. Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Ralph J. DiClemente

  4. Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

    Brian S. Mustanski

  5. Center for Sexual Health Promotion, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA

    Brian Dodge

  6. Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

    Paschal Sheeran

  7. Department of Social and Behavioral Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Rick S. Zimmerman

  8. Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada

    William A. Fisher

  9. Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

    Mark T. Conner

  10. Center for Health and Behavior, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA

    Michael P. Carey

  11. Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Ronald D. Stall

  12. Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Martin Fishbein

Authors
  1. Blair T. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Colleen A. Redding
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ralph J. DiClemente
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Brian S. Mustanski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Brian Dodge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Paschal Sheeran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Michelle R. Warren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Rick S. Zimmerman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. William A. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Mark T. Conner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Michael P. Carey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Jeffrey D. Fisher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Ronald D. Stall
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Martin Fishbein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Blair T. Johnson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Johnson, B.T., Redding, C.A., DiClemente, R.J. et al. A Network-Individual-Resource Model for HIV Prevention. AIDS Behav 14 (Suppl 2), 204–221 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9803-z

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9803-z

Keywords

  • HIV prevention
  • Health promotion
  • Social structure
  • Behavioral determinants
  • Group behavior
  • Resources