Abstract
Despite 40-year-old evidence of childcare challenges limiting women’s participation in agriculture in the United States, it was not until a major societal crisis, COVID-19, that farm organizations and policy makers began to recognize that these challenges negatively impact the farm enterprise. Among farm persistence and farm transition scholars, farm households’ social and economic needs, including childcare, have also been underappreciated despite the constant exchange of time, money, and energy between the farm household and the enterprise. We use survey responses from 729 U.S. farm families to understand how children and their childcare needs shape the farm enterprise and the extent to which childcare arrangements, farm individuals and households, and farm enterprise characteristics interact with these decisions. A high proportion of respondents made changes to adapt to the needs of children with the greatest impact on farm productivity, followed by impact on the structure of labor on- and off- the farm, and impact on the farm enterprise structure. These impacts likely have short- and long-term consequences on the trajectory of the farm enterprise and well-being of the household. Different decisions required a different calculus and the trade-offs that respondents considered were shaped by access to a support system, access to financial resources, and specific needs of the children. Last, the limited variations across the four decisions for a number of farm individual and household characteristics hint both at the universality of being a farm parent needing to constantly adapt amid high rates of childcare challenges and inadequate social safety nets. We conclude our article by discussing the implications of our findings along with future research avenues.
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Notes
What constitutes a family farm is not straightforward as evidenced by the literature on the topic (Djurfeldt 1996; Garner and De la O Campos 2014; van Vliet et al. 2015). The USDA strictly defines the family farm based on who owns and operates the means of production. Another defining feature from the literature, which is key to this article, are the interconnections between the production function of the farm business and the reproduction function of the farm household along with the combination of resources between the farm business and the farm household (Contzen 2019; Djurfeldt 1996; Garner and De la O Campos 2014). Also important to note is the assumed heteronormative nature of the family farm given the centrality of family formation and children to the reproduction of the family farm. However, in recent years, scholars have noted that such assumption and the omission of LGBTQIA + identities are exclusionary and do not fully represent the diversity of people and family structures in agriculture (Hoffelmeyer et al. 2023; Pfammatter and Jongerden 2023).
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Acknowledgements
We thank the farm families who took the time to answer the survey. We thank the colleagues who provided feedback on the survey instrument as well as Sarah Ruszkowski, Melissa Ploeckelman, and Scott Heiberger for their work in support of the data collection.
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The research underlying this article is supported by the United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (U54 OH009568-10). The first author's work on this article was also supported by the Steve J. Miller Distinguished Scientist Endowment in Rural and Agricultural Health and Safety Research at the Marshfield Clinic Research Institute.
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Becot, F.A., Inwood, S.M. Children needs and childcare: an illustration of how underappreciated social and economic needs shape the farm enterprise. Agric Hum Values (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-024-10594-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-024-10594-z