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Translating land justice through comparison: a US–French dialogue and research agenda

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Abstract

In this discussion piece, eight scholars in geography, urban planning, and agri-food studies from the United States (US) and France engage in a bi-national comparison to deepen our collective understanding of food and land justice. We specifically contextualize land justice as a critical component of food justice in both the US and France in three key areas: access to land for cultivation, urban agriculture, and non-agricultural forms of food provisioning. The US and France are interesting cases to compare, considering the differences and similarities in their colonial and agricultural histories, persistent and systemic race and class-based inequities in land access, and the roles of public bodies and social movements. In this paper, we synthesize literature, share reflections, and offer directions for future scholarship, including a broader comparative research agenda. An important difference we found is in the degree of scholarly attention to race and how it mediates access to land. We also observe that few scholars articulate a clear definition of justice in their work, nor do they share a common justice framework. We hope that this paper contributes to a more robust food and land justice framework for the use of scholars, practitioners and activists.

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Notes

  1. Our tour included visits to a farmland incubator on the urban/rural fringe, a community garden cultivated mainly by immigrants and refugees, an urban gardening anarchist collective, and a restaurant with a rooftop garden. The symposium featured two keynote speakers: Dr. Michelle Daigle (Mushkegowuk Cree) who gave a talk called “Resurging Indigenous Geographies through Land-Based Practices,” and Eric Holt-Gimenez, former director of the organization Food First, who spoke about the racist history of US agriculture and shared highlights from the edited volume Land Justice (Williams and Holt-Giménez 2017). We also invited a panel of practitioners to discuss the challenges and practices of land access in Portland from their diverse perspectives.

  2. We use the term Hispanic here, as opposed to Latinx, given that US Census data is collected using this category.

  3. Married white women could also receive homestead claims.

  4. The historically nomadic Romani (or Roma) are a minority living throughout Europe. In France, this population is referred to as gens du voyage (“travelling people” or “travellers”).

  5. http://www.terresdeurope.net/agriculteurs-europeens-france.asp.

  6. For example, the USDA Minority and Women Farmers and Ranchers program: https://www.fsa.usda.gov/programs-and-services/farm-loan-programs/minority-and-women-farmers-and-ranchers/index

  7. SAFER stands for Société d’aménagement foncier et d’établissement rural, which translates as Land Use and Rural Settlement Corporation. It has been criticized for being dominated by the Federation national des syndicats d'exploitants agricoles (the National Federation of Farmers’ Unions), a trade union focused on large-scale and export-oriented agribusiness.

  8. H.R. 2—115th Congress: The Agricultural Improvement Act (2018). United States Congress; Sect. 7212. Urban, indoor, and other emerging agricultural production research, education, and extension initiative. Retrieved from: https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/115/hr2/text.

  9. Though we use ‘production’ in the broader Marxian sense employed in agrarian political economy – that is, the production of exchange value through labor – these activities are often ignored because they lie largely outside of monetary exchange and are externalized as forms of social reproduction.

  10. Urban agriculture and urban livestock has slowly been able to cast off these distinction, but it has not been without considerable contestation.

  11. Unpublished material communicated by the author.

Abbreviations

US:

United States

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Acknowledgements

The research has been supported by Portland State University, Oregon, USA, and has received funding from the French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE), from the People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant Agreement n. PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102, through the PRESTIGE programme coordinated by Campus France, and from the French National Research Agency (ANR) [JASMINN Project ANR-14-CE18-0001].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Toulan School of Urban Studies and Planning, Portland State University, 506 SW Mill St., Portland, OR, 97201, USA

    Megan Horst

  2. Centre Urbanisation Culture Société, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Montreal, Québec, H2X 1E3, Canada

    Nathan McClintock

  3. Laboratoire Pacte, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), 14 avenue Marie Reynoard, 38100, Grenoble, France

    Adrien Baysse-Lainé

  4. UMR Ladyss, Université Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis, 2 rue de la Liberté, 93200, Saint-Denis, France

    Ségolène Darly

  5. Department of Geography, University Sorbonne Paris Nord, Pleiade, 99 avenue Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430, Villetaneuse, France

    Flaminia Paddeu

  6. UMR Innovation, INRAE, CIRAD, Montpellier University, Montpelier, France

    Coline Perrin & Christophe-Toussaint Soulard

  7. Independent Scholar, New York, NY, USA

    Kristin Reynolds

  8. The New School, 66 W. 12 Street, New York, NY, 10011, USA

    Kristin Reynolds

  9. Yale School of the Environment, 195 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Kristin Reynolds

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  1. Megan Horst
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  8. Christophe-Toussaint Soulard
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Correspondence to Megan Horst.

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Horst, M., McClintock, N., Baysse-Lainé, A. et al. Translating land justice through comparison: a US–French dialogue and research agenda. Agric Hum Values 38, 865–880 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-021-10202-4

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