Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Exploring professional identity in rehabilitation professions: a scoping review

  • Review
  • Published:
Advances in Health Sciences Education Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Professional identity is believed to foster self-confidence and resilience in health care professionals. While literature exists describing professional identity in medicine, the relevance of this evidence to rehabilitation professionals (occupational therapy (OT), physical therapy (PT) and speech-language pathology (S-LP)) is limited due to differences between professions in decision-making authority (patient care), professional autonomy and understanding of their scope of practice. The objective was to determine the extent, range and nature of the literature on professional identity/professional identity formation in rehabilitation professionals. Findings from the scoping review based on Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework are presented. A search was conducted on MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), AMED, CINAHL, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses from 1996 to October 2020 for empirical and conceptual studies on OT, PT, and S-LP clinicians or students. Of 4983 retrieved records, 53 papers were selected for data extraction. Data were organised into themes for professional identity/professional identity formation: conceptual descriptors (dynamic state, multiple identities); influences (person, professional education/environments, profession-at-large). Findings are consistent with the professional identity literature in medicine. However, they point to gaps for further empirical inquiry in the role of symbols and rituals in the professional identity/professional identity formation of rehabilitation professionals, profession-specific differences between OT, PT and S-LP, and influences related to the profession-at-large on the professional identity/professional identity formation of rehabilitation professionals. These findings may help to inform professional education programs and health care and professional systems in developing resources to support professional identity formation of rehabilitation professionals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abendstern, M., Tucker, S., Wilberforce, M., Jasper, R., & Challis, D. (2017). Occupational therapists in community mental health teams for older people in England: Findings from a five-year research programme. British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 80(1), 20–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abreu, B. C. (2006). Professional identity and workplace integration. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60(5), 596–599.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, K., Hean, S., Sturgis, P., & Clark, J. M. (2006). Investigating the factors influencing professional identity of first-year health and social care students. Learning in Health and Social Care., 5(2), 55–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arksey, H., & O’Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology., 8(1), 19–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, S. E., Adler, J., & Herbert, L. (2016). An exploratory international study into occupational therapy students’ perceptions of professional identity. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 63(4), 233–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, S. E., Ryan, S., Gray, M., & James, C. (2013). Factors that influence the professional resilience of occupational therapists in mental health practice. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal., 60(2), 110–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asseraf-Pasin, L. (2012). Mentoring Practices in Physical and Occupational Therapy: Experiences of Canadian Mentors and Mentees [Doctoral dissertation], McGill University Libraries.

  • Association of Canadian Occupational Therapy Regulatory Organizations (ACOTRO). Steps to registering. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.acotro-acore.org/registering-canada/steps-registering. Published 2021.

  • Atherton, M., Davidson, B., & McAllister, L. (2017). Exploring the emerging profession of speech-language pathology in Vietnam through pioneering eyes. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology., 19(2), 109–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binyamin, G. (2018). Growing from dilemmas: Developing a professional identity through collaborative reflections on relational dilemmas. Advances in Health Sciences Education., 23(1), 43–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boehm, J., Tanner, B., Lowrie, D., et al. (2015). Exploring emerging occupational therapy identity and the development of graduate attributes among occupational therapy students. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 78(8), 499–507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boychuck, Z., Andersen, J., Fehlings, D., et al. (2020). Current referral practices for diagnosis and intervention for children with cerebral palsy: A national environmental scan. The Journal of Pediatrics., 216, 173-180.e171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology., 3(2), 77–101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burley, S., Cox, R., Di Tommaso, A., & Molineux, M. (2018). Primary contact occupational therapy hand clinics: The pull of an occupational perspective. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 65(6), 533–543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Alliance of Audiology and Speech-Language Pathology Regulators. Licensure in Canada. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://caaspr.ca/licensure-canada. Published 2021.

  • Canadian Alliance of Physiotherapy Regulators. Starting your Physiotherapy Career in Canada. Retrieved September 16, 2021. Published 2021

  • Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists. Who we are and what we do. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.caot.ca/site/wwa/whoweare?nav=sidebar. Published 2016.

  • Canadian Institute for Health Information. Health Workforce, 2018 - Data Tables. CIHI;2018.

  • Canadian Physiotherapy Association. About CPA. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://physiotherapy.ca/about-cpa. Published 2021.

  • Chambers, A. (2012). Student Physiotherapists' Narratives and the Construction of Professional Identities [Doctoral dissertation]: Education, University of Manchester.

  • Chandratilake, M. (2014). From the professionalism of a profession to the professionalism of a multiprofessional team. Medical Education, 48(4), 345–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, C., Martin, M., de Visser, R., & Sadlo, G. (2015). Sustaining professional identity in practice following role-emerging placements: Opportunities and challenges for occupational therapists. British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 78(1), 42–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, C., Martin, M., Sadlo, G., & de-Visser R. (2014). The development of an authentic professional identity on role-emerging placements. British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 77(5), 222–229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Costello, C. Y. (2005). Professional identity crisis: Race, class, gender, and success at professional schools. Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cruess, R. L., Cruess, S. R., Boudreau, J. D., Snell, L., & Steinert, Y. (2015). A schematic representation of the professional identity formation and socialization of medical students and residents: A guide for medical educators. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges., 90(6), 718–725.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruess, S. R., Cruess, R. L., & Steinert, Y. (2019). Supporting the development of a professional identity: General principles. Medical Teacher., 41(6), 641–649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J. L. (2005). In search of an identity: occupational therapy students' images of practice [Doctoral dissertation], University of Kansas.

  • Deslauriers, S., Raymond, M.-H., Laliberté, M., et al. (2018). Prioritization of referrals in outpatient physiotherapy departments in Québec and implications for equity in access. Canadian Journal of Bioethics / Revue Canadienne De Bioéthique., 1(3), 49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devery, H., Scanlan, J. N., & Ross, J. (2018). Factors associated with professional identity, job satisfaction and burnout for occupational therapists working in eating disorders: A mixed methods study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 65(6), 523–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dige, M. (2009). Occupational therapy, professional development, and ethics. Scandavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16(2), 88–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dore, K. L., Reiter, H. I., Kreuger, S., & Norman, G. R. (2017). CASPer, an online pre-interview screen for personal/professional characteristics: Prediction of national licensure scores. Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice, 22(2), 327–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drolet, M. J., & Desormeaux-Moreau, M. (2016a). The values of occupational therapy: Perceptions of occupational therapists in Quebec. Scandavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 23(4), 272–285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drolet, M. J., & Sauvageau, A. (2016b). Developing professional values: Perceptions of francophone occupational therapists in Quebec Canada. Scandavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 23(4), 286–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, H., & Dirette, D. (2010). The relationship between professional identity and burnout among occupational therapists. Occupational Therapy in Health Care., 24(2), 119–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald, A. (2020). Professional identity: A concept analysis. Nursing Forum., 55(3), 447–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fortune, T. (2000). Occupational therapists: Is our therapy truly occupational or are we merely filling gaps? British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 63(5), 225–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghisi, G. L., Polyzotis, P., Oh, P., Pakosh, M., & Grace, S. L. (2013). Physician factors affecting cardiac rehabilitation referral and patient enrollment: A systematic review. Clinical Cardiology., 36(6), 323–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Godsey, S. R. (2012). Student perceptions of professional identity and cultural competence. Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 72, 2696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldie, J. (2012). The formation of professional identity in medical students: Considerations for educators. Medical Teacher., 34(9), e641–e648.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grafton, K. (2013). Indian physiotherapists' global journey of professional identity transformation: A grounded theory [Doctoral dissertation], Sheffield Hallam University.

  • Hammond, J., & Perselli, V. (2011). Professional identity construction in physiotherapy education-gender perspective. Physiotherapy (United Kingdom), 97, es449–es450.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, R. (2013). The construction of physiotherapists' identities through collective memory work [Doctoral dissertation], University of Brighton.

  • Hanson, D. J. A. (2009). The professional identity of occupational therapists: Construction, enactment, and valued supports. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering., 70, 2883.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardaker, L. (2018). A professional position for occupational therapists in youth mental health. Dissertation Abstracts International Section C: Worldwide, 75(1).

  • Hayward, L. M., & Li, L. (2014). Promoting and assessing cultural competence, professional identity, and advocacy in doctor of physical therapy (DPT) degree students within a community of practice. Journal of Physical Therapy Education., 28(1), 23–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hess-April, L., Dennis, L., Ganas, N., Phiri, L., & Phoshoko, P. (2017). Occupation-based practice in a tertiary hospital setting: Occupational therapists’ perceptions and experiences. South African Journal of Occupational Therapy., 47(3), 25–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooper, B. (2008). Stories we teach by: Intersections among faculty biography, student formation, and instructional processes. American Journal of Occupational Therapy., 62(2), 228–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horobin, H. E. (2018). The meeting of cultured worlds: Professional identification in Indian postgraduate physiotherapy students. Dissertation Abstracts International Section C: Worldwide 75(4).

  • Huber, S. J. (2003). The white coat ceremony: A contemporary medical ritual. Journal of Medical Ethics, 29(6), 364–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humber College. Occupational Therapist Assistant & Physiotherapist Assist. Humber College. Retrieved 7 March, 2020 from https://healthsciences.humber.ca/programs/occupational-therapist-assistant-and-physiotherapist-assistant.html. Published 2020.

  • Ikiugu, M., & Rosso, H. (2003). Facilitating professional identify in occupational therapy students. Occupational Therapy International, 10(3), 206–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jebril, M. Y. (2008). The evolution and measurement of professional identity. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B The Sciences and Engineering., 69, 2285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M., Cowin, L. S., Wilson, I., & Young, H. (2012). Professional identity and nursing: Contemporary theoretical developments and future research challenges. International Nursing Review., 59(4), 562–569.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, K., Bader, K., Wilson, S., Walker, M., Stephens, M., & Varpio, L. (2017). Unmasking identity dissonance: Exploring medical students’ professional identity formation through mask making. Perspectives on Medical Education., 6(2), 99–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jovic, L., Bianchi, E., Decouflet, S., Loizeau, V., Amiot, P., & Teixeira, M. (2015). Nurses in France: Between autonomy and subordination in front line care. Global Qualitative Nursing Research., 2, 2333393615584550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jung, B. F. (2010) The Professional Master's Occupational Therapist: Developing an Emerging Professional Identity [Doctoral dissertation]: Education, University of Western Ontario.

  • Lahav, O., Daniely, N., & Yalon-Chamovitz, S. (2018). Interpersonal social responsibility model of service learning: A longitudinal study. Scand J Occup Ther., 25(1), 61–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levac, D., Colquhoun, H., & O’Brien, K. K. (2010). Scoping studies: Advancing the methodology. Implementation Science, 5, 69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindquist, I., Engardt, M., Garnham, L., Poland, F., & Richardson, B. (2006). Physiotherapy students’ professional identity on the edge of working life. Medical Teacher, 28(3), 270–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lizarondo, L., Turnbull, C., Kroon, T., et al. (2016). Allied health: Integral to transforming health. Australian Health Review: A Publication of the Australian Hospital Association., 40(2), 194–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loy, B., Micheff, H., Nguyen, K., O'Brien, V. (2015). Interprofessional collaboration between occupational therapists and nurses in an acute care setting: An exploratory study [Master’s Thesis]: Occupational Therapy, Dominican University of California.

  • Mackey, H. (2007). “Do not ask me to remain the same”: Foucault and the professional identities of occupational therapists. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54(2), 95–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mak, S., & Thomas, A. (2021a). An introduction to scoping reviews. Journal of Graduate Medical Education.

  • Mak, S., & Thomas, A. (2021b) A walk-through on implementing a scoping review. Journal of Graduate Medical Education.

  • McAllister, M., & McKinnon, J. (2009). The importance of teaching and learning resilience in the health disciplines: A critical review of the literature. Nurse Education Today, 29(4), 371–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann, C., Beddoe, L., McCormick, K., et al. (2013). Resilience in the health professions: A review of recent literature. International Journal of Wellbeing., 3, 60–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McEntee-Atalianis, L., & Litosseliti, L. (2017). Narratives of sex-segregated professional identities. Narrative Inquiry., 27(1), 1–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGowan, J., Sampson, M., Salzwedel, D. M., Cogo, E., Foerster, V., & Lefebvre, C. (2016). PRESS Peer Review of Electronic Search Strategies: 2015 Guideline Statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology., 75, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.01.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monrouxe, L. V. (2010). Identity, identification and medical education: Why should we care? Medical Education., 44(1), 40–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monrouxe, L., & Poole, G. (2013). An onion? Conceptualising and researching identity. Medical Education, 47(4), 425–429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monrouxe, L. V., Rees, C. E., & Hu, W. (2011). Differences in medical students’ explicit discourses of professionalism: Acting, representing, becoming. Medical Education., 45(6), 585–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moores, A., & Fitzgerald, C. (2017). New graduate transition to practice: How can the literature inform support strategies? Australian Health Review., 41(3), 308–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, R., Mitchell, R., & Byrne, N. (2018). The role of speech-language pathology professional identity in response to workforce redesign. Journal of Clinical Practice in Speech-Language Pathology., 20(2), 50–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters, M. D. J., Marnie, C., Tricco, A. C., et al. (2020). Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews. JBI Evidence Synthesis., 18(10), 2119–2126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Philip, K. (2015). Allied health: Untapped potential in the Australian health system. Australian Health Review., 39(3), 244–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J., & Wilton, A. (2019). Professional identity of allied health staff. Journal of Allied Health, 48(1), 11–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees, C. E., & Monrouxe, L. V. (2018). Who are you and who do you want to be? Key considerations in developing professional identities in medicine. Medical Journal of Australia, 209(5), 202–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Risa, T., & Kazuko, S. (2019). Practical actions shaped by the internal structures of occupational therapists’ professional identities. Open Journal of Occupational Therapy (OJOT)., 7(3), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roskell, C. (2013). An exploration of the professional identity embedded within UK cardiorespiratory physiotherapy curricula. Physiotherapy, 99(2), 132–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rotert, D. A. (2008). Role identity formation of occupational therapy students. Dissertation: Abstracts International Section A Humanities and Social Sciences, 68, 3615.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sauvageau, A., Drolet, M. J., & Gohier, C. (2017). Le développement identitaire de l’ergothérapeute éclairé par un modèle de construction de l’identité professionnelle de l’enseignant. Ergotherapies., 67, 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, J. N. (2018). Evaluation of the construct and internal validity of the Professional Identity Questionnaire: A Rasch analysis. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 65(5), 395–404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, J. N., & Hazelton, T. (2019). Relationships between job satisfaction, burnout, professional identity and meaningfulness of work activities for occupational therapists working in mental health. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 66(5), 581–590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sonday, A., Ramugondo, E. L., & Kathard, H. (2019). Professional role transgression as a form of occupational consciousness. Journal of Occupational Science., 26(3), 366–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speech Language and Audiology Canada. About SAC. Retrieved September 16, 2021, from https://www.sac-oac.ca/about-sac/about-sac. Published 2021.

  • Steinert, Y. (2016). Educational theory and strategies to support professionalism and professional identity formation. In R. L. Cruess, S. R. Cruess, & Y. Steinert (Eds.), Teaching medical professionalism: Supporting the development of a professional identity (2nd ed., pp. 68–83). Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Steultjens, E. M., Dekker, J., Bouter, L. M., Leemrijse, C. J., & Ende, C. H. (2005). Evidence of the efficacy of occupational therapy in different conditions: An overview of systematic reviews. Clinical Rehabilitation, 19(3), 247–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stutz-Tanenbaum, P., & Hooper, B. (2009). Creating congruence between identities as a fieldwork educator and a practitioner. Education Special Interest Section Quarterly, 19(2), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., & Law, M. (2013). Research utilization and evidence-based practice in occupational therapy: A scoping study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy., 67(4), e55–e65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A., Lubarsky, S., Durning, S. J., & Young, M. E. (2017). Knowledge syntheses in medical education: Demystifying scoping reviews. Academic Medicine., 92(2), 161–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tricco, A. C., Cardoso, R., Thomas, S. M., et al. (2016). Barriers and facilitators to uptake of systematic reviews by policy makers and health care managers: A scoping review. Implementation Science., 11(1), 4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A., & Knight, J. (2015). A debate on the professional identity of occupational therapists. British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 78(11), 664–673.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vallée, C. (2018). L’enseignement formel de la science de l’occupation en ergothérapie: Un vecteur de changement et de développement pour la profession. Revue Francophone De Recherche En Ergotherapie., 4(2), 63–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vignoles, V. L., Schwartz, S. J., & Luyckx, K. (2011). Introduction: Toward an integrative view of identity. In S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx, & V. L. Vignoles (Eds.), Handbook of identity theory and research (pp. 1–27). Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitcombe, S. W. (2013). Problem-based learning students’ perceptions of knowledge and professional identity: Occupational therapists as “knowers.” British Journal of Occupational Therapy., 76(1), 37–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wynter, T. M., Drury, D., & Kiernan, M. (2017). An Exploration of Students' Learning Journey Experiences. Do They Illustrate Personal Characteristics that Influence Progression Through Their Physiotherapy Degree Programme? University of Northumbria at Newcastle (United Kingdom).

  • Young, M. E., Thomas, A., Lubarsky, S., et al. (2020). Mapping clinical reasoning literature across the health professions: A scoping review. BMC Medical Education., 20(1), 107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was supported by the Jonathan Campbell Meakins and Family Memorial Fellowship, Fonds de Recherche du Québec – Société et Culture and Max E. Binz Fellowship from McGill University's Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Internal Studentship Award. The funds from these sources allowed us to employ a research assistant and provided salary support for SM and MZ as graduate students.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aliki Thomas.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix: Search Strategy: Medline (Ovid)—1996 to Present

Appendix: Search Strategy: Medline (Ovid)—1996 to Present

1

(((professional or group or social) adj3 (identity or identities)) or ((professional or group or social) adj3 identification) or identity formation).ti,ab,kf

2

social identification/

3

self concept.ti,ab,kf. or Self Concept/

4

sociali?ation.ti,ab,kf. or Socialization/

5

(role conflict or role conflicts).ti,ab,kf

6

role ambiguit*.ti,ab,kf

7

(professional role* or professional value* or professional foundation*).ti,ab,kf. or Professional Role/

8

1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7

9

(physical therap* or physiotherapy]*).ti,ab,kf

10

Physical Therapists/ or physical therapy specialty/

11

occupational therap*.ti,ab,kf. or occupational therapy/

12

(speech therap* or language therap* or speech patholog* or language patholog* or (speech adj2 language patholog*) or (speech adj2 language therap*)).ti,ab,kf

13

Speech-Language Pathology/

14

Allied Health Occupations/

15

Students, Health Occupations/

16

allied health.ti,ab,kf

17

9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16

18

8 and 17

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mak, S., Hunt, M., Boruff, J. et al. Exploring professional identity in rehabilitation professions: a scoping review. Adv in Health Sci Educ 27, 793–815 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-022-10103-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-022-10103-z

Keywords

Navigation