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Towards an Internet of Agents model based on Linked Open Data approach

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Abstract

The Internet of Agents (IoA) is a current approach to the Future Internet that has arisen as an alternative to mitigate the limitations of the Internet of Things (IoT) concerning autonomy, reasoning and social capabilities. The aim of this paper is to present a novel architectural model governed by semantic contracts, published as linked data which describe the main aspects regarding the IoA domain, such as context, social circles, services ecosystems, IoT resources, and real-time restrictions. This proposal introduces some mechanisms such as (i) Linked Open Agents (LOAs) as the main unit of process for coordinating and managing IoT-objects, (ii) Linked Agent Contracts (LACs) as contractual semantic descriptions of entities of IoA ecosystems, (iii) an ontology named IoA-OWL that covers the current main aspects related to the IoA, (iv) a Reference Architecture for the IoA approach driven by LOAs and LACs, and (v) a mechanism for agent-discovery based on semantic descriptors. Both the model and its mechanisms are integrated, in order to improve the semantic interoperability and intelligence in heterogeneous IoT networks controlled by Multi-Agent Systems. Finally, a case study is proposed for a scenario of Ambient Intelligence as a working example of the novel architectural model. In addition, a qualitative and quantitative evaluation is then performed to analyze the applicability, performance, functionality of our proposal. A better performance was obtained for the agent discovery process with our architecture in contrast to JADE Yellow Pages and the Java implementation of the Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration.

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Abbreviations

AAA:

Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

ACL:

Agent Communication Language

AmI:

Ambient Intelligence

BDI:

Belief, Desire, Intention

DbC:

Design by Contract

DOHA:

Dynamic Open Home-Automation

DPWS:

Devices Profile for Web Services

FIPA:

Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents

IoA:

Internet of Agents

IoS:

Internet of Services

IoT:

Internet of Things

IRI:

Internationalized Resource Identifier

JADE:

Java Agent Development Framework

JSON:

JavaScript Object Notation

JSON-LD:

JavaScript Object Notation for Linked Data

jUDDI:

Java implementation of the Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration

LAC:

Linked Agent Contract

LOA:

Linked Open Agent

LOD:

Linked Open Data

MAS:

Multi-Agent System

OWL:

Web Ontology Language

REST:

Representational State Transfer

RDF:

Resource Description Framework

SOA:

Service-Oriented Architecture

SOAP:

Simple Object Access Protocol

SPARQL:

SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language

URI:

Uniform Resource Identifier

UUID:

Universally Unique Identifier

WAC:

Workflow for Agent Contract

XML:

Extensible Markup Language

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (SENESCYT) through the Program of Ph.D. for university professors. In addition, the authors thank the Center for Research in Information and Communication Technologies of the University of Granada (CITIC-UGR). Finally, the authors would also like to thank the referee for a careful reading of the paper and some valuable suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador, Espejo y Subida a Santa Cruz, 080150, Esmeraldas, Ecuador

    Pablo Pico-Valencia

  2. University of Granada, Periodista Daniel Saucedo Street, 18071, Granada, Spain

    Juan A. Holgado-Terriza

  3. University of Granada, Cartuja Campus, 18071, Granada, Spain

    J. A. Senso

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Pico-Valencia, P., Holgado-Terriza, J.A. & Senso, J.A. Towards an Internet of Agents model based on Linked Open Data approach. Auton Agent Multi-Agent Syst 33, 84–131 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-018-9399-7

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