Abstract
Agroforestry plays a significant role in climate change mitigation and thus buffers the pressure on forest resources. However, owing to the lack of accurate biomass models, the contribution of these systems towards carbon storage remains poorly understood, which makes it difficult to implement climate change mitigation initiatives. Besides, most of the biomass predictions for trees grown in agricultural lands rely on the models developed for natural forests. This study therefore aimed to develop species-specific and multi-species allometric equations for predicting the aboveground biomass (AGB) of native perennial plant species in the agricultural landscape of central Ethiopia. Ninety-five individuals representing six perennial plant species with diameter at breast height ranging from 3.5 to 65 cm were destructively harvested. Diameter at breast height (DBH), total height (ht), wood bulk density (wbd), and crown diameter (cd) were used as predictors of the AGB. The study found that DBH was the best single predictor of AGB for Oldeania alpina and Faidherbia albida, with options for other species. Multiple variable models combining DBH-ht exhibited the highest predictive capacity for AGB in Erythrina brucei, Albizia schimperiana, and Croton macrostachyus, whereas the combination of DBH–cd and DBH–ht–wbd–cd best predicted the AGB of Acacia abyssinica and mixed species, respectively. Species-specific and mixed-species models showed the best predictive capacity for AGB compared to other frequently used regional and pan-tropical models. The findings of the study suggest that mixed-species AGB models will be used when species-specific allometric models are not available at a given site.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aabeyir R, Adu-bredu S, Agyare WA, Weir MJC (2020) Allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass in the tropical woodlands of Ghana, West Africa. For Ecosyst 7(1):1–23
Abebe S, Gebeyehu G, Teketay D et al (2023) Allometric models for estimating biomass storage and carbon stock potential of Oldeania alpina (K. Schum.) Stapleton forests of south-western Ethiopia. Adv Bamboo Sci 2:100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bamboo.2022.100008
Abich A, Alemu A, Gebremariam Y et al (2021) Allometric models for predicting aboveground biomass of Combretum-Terminalia woodlands in Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia. Trees for People 5:100122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100122
Amoah M, Assan F, Dadzie PK (2019) Aboveground biomass, carbon storage and fuel values of Bambusa vulgaris, Oxynanteria abbyssinica and Bambusa vulgaris var vitata plantations in the Bobiri forest reserve of Ghana. J Sustain for. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2019.1608452
Amundson R, Biardeau L (2018) Soil carbon sequestration is an elusive climate mitigation tool. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 115:11652–11656. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1815901115
Asrat Z, Eid T, Gobakken T, Negash M (2020a) Modelling and quantifying tree biometric properties of dry Afromontane forests of south-central Ethiopia. Trees Struct Funct 34:1411–1426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-020-02012-8
Asrat Z, Eid T, Gobakken T, Negash M (2020b) Forest ecology and management aboveground tree biomass prediction options for the dry afromontane forests in south-central Ethiopia. For Ecol Manage 473:118335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118335
Ayinu YT, Ayal DY, Zeleke TT, Beketie KT (2022) Impact of climate variability on household food security in Godere District, Gambella Region, Ethiopia. Clim Serv 27:100307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2022.100307
Bayen P, Noulèkoun F, Bognounou F et al (2020) Models for estimating aboveground biomass of four dryland woody species in Burkina Faso, West Africa. J Arid Environ 180:104205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2020.104205
Beedy TL, Chanyenga TF, Akinnifesi FK et al (2016) Allometric equations for estimating above-ground biomass and carbon stock in Faidherbia albida under contrasting management in Malawi. Agrofor Syst 90:1061–1076
Chave J, Réjou-Méchain M, Búrquez A et al (2014) Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of tropical trees. Glob Chang Biol 20:3177–3190
Chemeda BA, Wakjira FS, Hizikias EB (2022) Tree diversity and biomass carbon stock analysis along altitudinal gradients in coffee-based agroforestry system of Western Ethiopia. Cogent Food Agric 8:2123767. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2022.2123767
Daba DE, Soromessa T (2019) The accuracy of species-specific allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass in tropical moist montane forests: case study of Albizia grandibracteata and Trichilia dregeana. Carbon Balance Manag. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-019-0134-8
Dao A, Bationo BA, Traoré S et al (2021) Using allometric models to estimate aboveground biomass and predict carbon stocks of mango (Mangifera indica L.) parklands in the Sudanian zone of Burkina Faso. Environ Challenges 3:100051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100051
Dhyani S, Bartlett D, Kadaverugu R et al (2020) Integrated climate sensitive restoration framework for transformative changes to sustainable land restoration. Restor Ecol 28:1026–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13230
Dimobe K, Goetze D, Ouédraogo A et al (2019) Aboveground biomass allometric equations and carbon content of the shea butter tree (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn., Sapotaceae) components in Sudanian savannas (West Africa). Agrofor Syst 93:1119–1132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0213-y
Dimobe K, Mensah S, Goetze D et al (2018) Aboveground biomass partitioning and additive models for Combretum glutinosum and Terminalia laxiflora in West Africa. Biomass Bioenerg 115:151–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.022
Dixon RK (1995) Agroforestry systems: sources of sinks of greenhouse gases? Agrofor Syst 31:99–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00711719
Djomo AN, Picard N, Fayolle A et al (2016) Tree allometry for estimation of carbon stocks in African tropical forests. Forestry 89:446–455. https://doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpw025
Ducey MJ (2012) Evergreenness and wood density predict height-diameter scaling in trees of the northeastern United States. For Ecol Manage 279:21–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.034
Duncanson L, Rourke O, Dubayah R (2015) Small sample sizes yield biased allometric equations in temperate forests. Sci Rep 5:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17153
Dutcă I (2019) The variation driven by differences between species and between sites in allometric biomass models. Forests 10:976
Dutcă I, Mather R, Blujdea VNB et al (2018) Site-effects on biomass allometric models for early growth plantations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Biomass Bioenerg 116:8–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.05.013
Dutcă I, McRoberts RE, Næsset E, Blujdea VNB (2019) A practical measure for determining if diameter (D) and height (H) should be combined into D2H in allometric biomass models. For Int J for Res 92:627–634
Embaye K, Weih M, Ledin S, Christersson L (2005) Biomass and nutrient distribution in a highland bamboo forest in southwest Ethiopia: implications for management. For Ecol Manage 204:159–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.07.074
Endale Y, Derero A, Argaw M, Muthuri C (2016) Farmland tree species diversity and spatial distribution pattern in semi-arid East Shewa, Ethiopia. For Trees Livelihoods 8028:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2016.1266971
Eyasu G, Tolera M, Negash M (2020) Heliyon Woody species composition, structure, and diversity of homegarden agroforestry systems in southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 6:e05500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05500
Feyisa K, Beyene S, Megersa B et al (2018) Allometric equations for predicting above-ground biomass of selected woody species to estimate carbon in East African rangelands. Agrofor Syst 92:599–621. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9997-9
Flores-Hernández CDJ, Méndez-González J, Sánchez-Pérez FDJ et al (2020) Allometric equations for predicting Agave lechuguilla torr. Aboveground biomass in Mexico. Forests 11:784. https://doi.org/10.3390/F11070784
Ganamé M, Bayen P, Ouédraogo I, Hubert L (2021) Trees, forests and people allometric models for improving aboveground biomass estimates in West African savanna ecosystems. Trees for People 4:100077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100077
Gebremeskel D, Birhane E, Mekonen M (2021) Biomass and soil carbon stocks of Rhamnus prinoides based agroforestry practice with varied density in the drylands of Northern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 95:1275–1293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00608-8
Giday K, Eshete G, Barklund P et al (2013) Wood biomass functions for Acacia abyssinica trees and shrubs and implications for provision of ecosystem services in a community managed exclosure in Tigray, Ethiopia. J Arid Environ 94:80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2013.03.001
Ginbo T (2022) Heterogeneous impacts of climate change on crop yields across altitudes in Ethiopia. Clim Change 170:12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-022-03306-1
Huy B, Tinh NT, Poudel KP et al (2019a) Taxon-specific modeling systems for improving reliability of tree aboveground biomass and its components estimates in tropical dry dipterocarp forests. For Ecol Manage 437:156–174
Huy B, Long TT (2019) A manual for bamboo forest biomass and carbon assessment. International Bamboo and Rattan Organization, Beijing
Huy B, Thanh GT, Poudel KP, Temesgen H (2019b) Individual plant allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass and its components for a common bamboo species (Bambusa procera A. Chev. and A. Camus) in tropical forests. Forests 10:316. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10040316
Huynh T, Applegate G, Lewis T et al (2021) Species-specific allometric equations for predicting belowground root biomass in plantations: case study of spotted gums (Corymbia citriodora subspecies variegata) in Queensland. Forests 12:1210
Huynh T, Lewis T, Applegate G et al (2022) Allometric equations to estimate aboveground biomass in spotted gum (Corymbia citriodora Subspecies variegata) plantations in Queensland. Forests 13(3):486
Inoue A, Koshikawa K, Sato M, Shima H (2019) Allometric equations for predicting the aboveground biomass of square bamboo, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis. J for Res 24:376–381. https://doi.org/10.1080/13416979.2019.1690723
Jucker T, Fischer FJ, Chave J et al (2022) Tallo: A global tree allometry and crown architecture database. Glob Chang Biol 28:5254–5268. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16302
Kaisa KK, Maria B, Efrian M et al (2017) Analyzing REDD+ as an experiment of transformative climate governance: insights from Indonesia. Environ Sci Policy 73:61–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.03.014
Khan MNI, Islam MR, Rahman A et al (2020) Allometric relationships of stand level carbon stocks to basal area, tree height and wood density of nine tree species in Bangladesh. Glob Ecol Conserv 22:e01025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01025
King DA, Davies SJ, Tan S, Noor NSM (2006) The role of wood density and stem support costs in the growth and mortality of tropical trees. J Ecol 94:670–680. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2006.01112.x
Kuyah S, Dietz J, Muthuri C et al (2012) Allometric equations for estimating biomass in agricultural landscapes: I. Aboveground biomass. Agric Ecosyst Environ 158:216–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2012.05.011
Liu B, Bu W, Zang R (2023) Improved allometric models to estimate the aboveground biomass of younger secondary tropical forests. Glob Ecol Conserv 41:e02359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02359
Liu CLC, Kuchma O, Krutovsky KV (2018) Mixed-species versus monocultures in plantation forestry: development, benefits, ecosystem services and perspectives for the future. Glob Ecol Conserv 15:e00419
Loubota Panzou GJ, Fayolle A, Jucker T et al (2021) Pantropical variability in tree crown allometry. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 30:459–475. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13231
Magdaline F, Romero B, Jacovine G et al (2020) Allometric equations for volume, biomass, and carbon in commercial stems harvested in a managed forest in the Southwestern Amazon: a case study. Forest 11:874
Mahmood H, Raqibul M, Siddiqui H et al (2020a) Allometric biomass model for Aquilaria malaccensis Lam. in Bangladesh: a nondestructive approach. J Sustain for 40(6):594–606
Mahmood H, Siddique MRH, Islam SMZ et al (2020b) Applicability of semi-destructive method to derive allometric model for estimating aboveground biomass and carbon stock in the Hill zone of Bangladesh. J for Res 31:1235–1245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-00881-5
Manaye A, Tesfamariam B, Tesfaye M et al (2021) Tree diversity and carbon stocks in agroforestry systems in northern Ethiopia. Carbon Balance Manag 16:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-021-00174-7
Matewos T (2019) Climate change-induced impacts on smallholder farmers in selected districts of Sidama, Southern Ethiopia. Climate 7:70. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7050070
Mensah S, Kakaï RG, Seifert T (2016) Patterns of biomass allocation between foliage and woody structure: the effects of tree size and specific functional traits. Ann for Res 59:49–60. https://doi.org/10.15287/afr.2016.458
Mensah S, Veldtman R, Seifert T (2017) Allometric models for height and aboveground biomass of dominant tree species in South African Mistbelt forests. South for 79:19–30. https://doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2016.1225187
Mey CBJ, Gore ML (2021) Biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems of the mbalmayo forest reserve. J for Environ Sci 37:91–103
Moussa M, Mahamane L (2018) Allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass and carbon in Faidherbia albida and Prosopis africana under agroforestry parklands in drylands of Niger. J for Res 29:1703–1717
Mukuralinda A, Kuyah S, Ruzibiza M et al (2021) Allometric equations, wood density and partitioning of aboveground biomass in the arboretum of Ruhande, Rwanda. Trees for People 3:100050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2020.100050
Mulatu Y, Fetene M (2013) Stand structure, growth and biomass of Arundinaria alpina (highland bamboo) along topographic gradient in the Choke Mountain, northwestern Ethiopia. Ethiop J Biol Sci 12(1):1–23
Negash M, Starr M, Kanninen M (2013a) Allometric equations for biomass estimation of Enset (Ensete ventricosum) grown in indigenous agroforestry systems in the Rift Valley escarpment of southern-eastern Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 87:571–581. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-012-9577-6
Negash M, Starr M, Kanninen M, Berhe L (2013b) Allometric equations for estimating aboveground biomass of Coffea arabica L. grown in the Rift Valley escarpment of Ethiopia. Agrofor Syst 87:953–966
Nfornkah BN, Kaam R, Martin T et al (2021) Culm allometry and carbon storage capacity of Bambusa vulgaris Schrad. ex J.C.WendL. in the tropical evergreen rain forest of Cameroon. J Sustain for 40:622–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2020.1795688
Ngomanda A, Engone Obiang NL, Lebamba J et al (2014) Site-specific versus pantropical allometric equations: Which option to estimate the biomass of a moist central African forest? For Ecol Manage 312:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2013.10.029
Nyamukuru A, Whitney C, Tabuti JRS et al (2023) Allometric models for aboveground biomass estimation of small trees and shrubs in African savanna ecosystems. Trees for People 11:100377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2023.100377
Orke YA, Li MH (2022) Impact of climate change on hydrometeorology and droughts in the Bilate Watershed, Ethiopia. Water (switzerland) 14:1–31. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050729
Ou S, Boussim JI (2020) Heliyon Prediction of aboveground biomass and carbon stock of Balanites aegyptiaca, a multipurpose species in Burkina Faso. Heliyon 6:e04581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04581
Paul KI, Roxburgh SH, Chave J et al (2016) Testing the generality of above-ground biomass allometry across plant functional types at the continent scale. Glob Chang Biol 22:2106–2124. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13201
Pothong T, Elliott S, Chairuangsri S et al (2022) New allometric equations for quantifying tree biomass and carbon sequestration in seasonally dry secondary forest in northern Thailand. New for 53:17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-021-09844-3
R Core Team (2020) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In: R Foundation for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria
Rahman MS, Donoghue DNM, Bracken LJ, Mahmood H (2021) Biomass estimation in mangrove forests: a comparison of allometric models incorporating species and structural information. Environ Res Lett 16:124002
Romero FMB, Jacovine LAG, Torres CMME et al (2022) Aboveground biomass allometric models for large trees in southwestern Amazonia. Trees for People 9:100317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100317
Rosenstock TS, Wilkes A, Jallo C et al (2019) Making trees count: Measurement and reporting of agroforestry in UNFCCC national communications of non-Annex I countries. Agric Ecosyst Environ 284:106569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2019.106569
Roxburgh SH, Paul KI, Clifford D et al (2015) Guidelines for constructing allometric models for the prediction of woody biomass: How many individuals to harvest? Ecosphere 6:1–27. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES14-00251.1
Saha C, Mahmood H, Nandi S et al (2021) Allometric biomass models for the most abundant fruit tree species of Bangladesh: a non-destructive approach. Environ Challenges 3:100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100047
Sebrala H, Abich A, Negash M et al (2022) Trees, forests and people tree allometric equations for estimating biomass and volume of Ethiopian forests and establishing a database: review. Trees for People 9:100314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100314
Semere M, Cherinet A, Gebreyesus M (2022) Climate resilient traditional agroforestry systems in Silite. J for Sci 68:136–144. https://doi.org/10.17221/151/2021-JFS
Shi L, Feng W, Xu J, Kuzyakov Y (2018) Agroforestry systems: Meta-analysis of soil carbon stocks, sequestration processes, and future potentials. L Degrad Dev 29:3886–3897. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3136
Sileshi GW (2014) A critical review of forest biomass estimation models, common mistakes and corrective measures. For Ecol Manage 329:237–254
Smith AJ, Schlaepfer DR, Palmquist KA et al (2021) Allometric modeling of bunchgrasses in big sagebrush plant communities. Rangel Ecol Manag 79:77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2021.07.009
Tadesse E, Abdulkedir A, Khamzina A et al (2019) Contrasting species diversity and values in home gardens and traditional parkland agroforestry systems in ethiopian sub-humid lowlands. Forests 10:266. https://doi.org/10.3390/F10030266
Tesfaye MA, Bravo-Oviedo A, Bravo F, Ruiz-Peinado R (2016) Aboveground biomass equations for sustainable production of fuelwood in a native dry tropical afro-montane forest of Ethiopia. Ann for Sci 73:411–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-015-0533-2
Teshome M, Torres CMME, Sileshi GW et al (2022) Mixed-species allometric equations to quantify stem volume and tree biomass in Dry Afromontane Forest of Ethiopia. Open J for 12:263–296. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2022.123015
Tetemke BA, Birhane E, Rannestad MM, Eid T (2019) Allometric models for predicting aboveground biomass of trees in the dry afromontane forests of Northern Ethiopia. Forests 10:1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/F10121114
Trisos CH, Merow C, Pigot AL (2020) The projected timing of abrupt ecological disruption from climate change. Nature 580:496–501
Tsedeke RE, Dawud SM, Tafere SM (2021) Assessment of carbon stock potential of parkland agroforestry practice: the case of Minjar Shenkora; North Shewa, Ethiopia. Environ Syst Res 10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-020-00211-3
Tumwebaze SB, Bevilacqua E, Briggs R, Volk T (2013) Allometric biomass equations for tree species used in agroforestry systems in Uganda. Agrofor Syst 87:781–795. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-013-9596-y
Ubuy MH, Eid T, Bollandsås OM (2018a) Variation in wood basic density within and between tree species and site conditions of exclosures in Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Trees - Struct Funct 32:967–983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-018-1689-9
Ubuy MH, Eid T, Bollandsås OM, Birhane E (2018b) Aboveground biomass models for trees and shrubs of exclosures in the drylands of Tigray, northern Ethiopia. J Arid Environ 156:9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2018.05.007
Verchot LV, Van Noordwijk M, Kandji S et al (2007) Climate change: linking adaptation and mitigation through agroforestry. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 12:901–918. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-007-9105-6
Woldu G, Solomon N, Hishe H et al (2020) Topographic variables to determine the diversity of woody species in the exclosure of Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 6:e03121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03121
Xiang W, Zhou J, Ouyang S et al (2016) Species-specific and general allometric equations for estimating tree biomass components of subtropical forests in southern China. Eur J for Res 135:963–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-016-0987-2
Yang X, Zhang W, He Q et al (2019) Effects of intraspecific competition on growth, architecture and biomass allocation of Quercus Liaotungensis. J Plant Interact 14:284–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2019.1629656
Yebeyen D, Nemomissa S, Sileshi GW et al (2022) Allometric scaling, biomass accumulation and carbon stocks in natural highland bamboo (Oldeania alpina (K. Schum.) Stapleton) stands in Southwestern Ethiopia. Carbon Manag 13:482–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/17583004.2022.2130090
Zhang J, Zhang J, Mattson K, Finley K (2020) Effect of silviculture on carbon pools during development of a ponderosa pine plantation. Forests 11:997. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090997
Zhao H, Li Z, Zhou G et al (2019) Site-specific allometric models for prediction of above-and belowground biomass of subtropical forests in Guangzhou, southern China. Forests 10:862
Zhu D, Hui D, Wang M et al (2021) Allometric growth and carbon storage in the mangrove Sonneratia apetala. Wetl Ecol Manag 29:129–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-020-09772-7
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ambo University, and Czech University of Life Sciences for providing financial support for this study.
Funding
This study was supported by Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hawassa University, Ambo University, and Czech University of Life Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
G.D. designed the study, conducted field and laboratory work. M.N. and L.B. searched research fund. G.D., M.N., Z.A., and L.B. analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. M.N., Z.A., and L.B. supervised work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Demie, G., Negash, M., Asrat, Z. et al. Species specific and multi-species allometric models for estimating aboveground biomass of native perennial plant species grown in the agricultural landscape of Central Ethiopia. Agroforest Syst 98, 179–196 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00898-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-023-00898-0