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Shade trees composition and diversity in cacao agroforestry systems of southern Pará, Brazilian Amazon

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Abstract

Agroforestry systems (AFS) are important agricultural land use in synergy with socio-environmental aspects, especially with cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) crop, a commodity mainly produced by smallholders in the humid tropics. In southern Pará, Brazilian Amazon, farmers manage native shade trees growing with cacao, but species selection may be not appropriate to AFS maintenance over time. The objective of this study was to understand the shade trees transition between successional management phases of cacao-AFS, considering its initial shade (IS) and secondary shade (SS). It was sampled 10 plots in each situation (20,000 m2 in total) identifying individuals with CBH ≥ 15 cm. As expected, floristic composition was different and SS had greater species richness and diversity than IS, where only 17% of species were the shared among them. Musa sp. and Carica papaya L. were found only in IS and were dominant species, representing almost a half of the individuals. Although there was increase of late succession species from IS to SS, this still keeps high abundance of early succession species, such as Cecropia sp. The result shows an unexploited potential products and gap of services provision, such as N-fixing. The conclusion highlights the necessity of long-term succession planning and management practices to guarantee cacao crop maintenance and improve diversification with other income sources, such as fruits and wood. The role of biodiversity conservation, provided by shade trees, should be the target of political strategies to encourage its maintenance, such as payment for ecosystems services or other economic incentives.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (2012/25335-2) and field activities by Institute of Agricultural and Forest Management and Certification—Imaflora, specially Matheus Couto and Eduardo Trevisan. We would also like to thank Prof. Pedro H. S. Brancalion (for research orientations), Ricardo G. Cesar and Debora Rother (analysis suggestions), Silvio Marchini (manuscript review). Our gratitude goes to all farmers who cooperated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

    Daniel P. P. Braga & Frederico Domene

  2. Department of Biological Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil

    Flávio B. Gandara

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  1. Daniel P. P. Braga
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  2. Frederico Domene
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Correspondence to Daniel P. P. Braga.

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Braga, D.P.P., Domene, F. & Gandara, F.B. Shade trees composition and diversity in cacao agroforestry systems of southern Pará, Brazilian Amazon. Agroforest Syst 93, 1409–1421 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0250-6

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