Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Grazing, tilling and canopy effects on carbon dioxide fluxes in a Spanish dehesa

  • Published:
Agroforestry Systems Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is increasing interest in carbon sequestering capacity of agroforestry systems especially in relation to climate change. Appropriate implementation of silvopastoral practices in dehesa systems may contribute to their sustainability; improve soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage capacity while reducing the carbon dioxide (CO2) flux from the soil to the atmosphere. The response of soil respiration (Rs) to grazing and tilling practices and trees canopy influence were studied in a dehesa ecosystem in the center of Spain from July 2008 to February 2010. Four different treatments were established: non grazed-non tilled; non grazed-tilled; grazed-non tilled and grazed and tilled. In all the treatments Rs, soil temperature (Ts), soil moisture (Ms), soil C and N stocks were measured. Grazing reduced Rs by 12 % across all experiment. Increments of 3 Mg/ha in C stocks and 0.3 Mg/ha in N stocks in grazing soils were observed. Although, no clear tilling effect on Rs was found, a decrease of 3.5 Mg/ha in soil C stocks and 0.3 Mg/ha in N stocks was detected in tilled soils. Presence of tree canopy induced increases in Rs, soil C and N stocks; while decreases in Ts were observed, but grazing decreased the tree canopy influence on annual C losses by Rs. The Ms constrained the temperature response of Rs during the experiment, and meaningful Q10 values were only obtainable during the wettest time, ranging from 2.5 to 5.7. Grazing and tree canopy had a positive influence in the ability of soils to store soil C and N, while tilling had a negative effect on soil C and N store capacity in this study. Maintaining the beneficial practices and improving tillage management in this area may have important consequences in carbon sequestration capacity in this dehesa system.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Abril A, Bucher EH (1999) The effects of overgrazing on soil microbial community and fertility in the Chaco dry savannas of Argentina. Appl Soil Ecol 12:159–167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Almagro M, López J, Querejeta JI, Martínez-Mena M (2009) Temperature dependence of soil CO2 efflux is strongly modulated by seasonal patterns of moisture availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Soil Biol Biochem 41:594–605

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez R, Russo ME, Prystupa P, Scheiner JD, Blotta L (1998) Soil carbon pools under conventional and no-tillage systems in the Argentine rolling pampa. Agron J 90:138–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez R, Alvarez CR, Lorenzo G (2001) Carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage from a mollisol in the Argentine rolling pampa. Eur J Soil Biol 37:161–166

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Álvaro-Fuentes J, Cantero-Martínez C, López MV, Arrúe JL (2007) Soil carbon dioxide fluxes following tillage in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems. Soil Tillage Res 96:331–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Álvaro-Fuentes J, López MV, Cantero-Martinez C, Arrúe JL (2008) Tillage effects on soil organic carbon fractions in Mediterranean dryland agroecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72:541–547

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball BC, Scott A, Parker JP (1999) Field N2O, CO2 and CH4 fluxes in relation to tillage, compaction and soil quality in Scotland. Soil Tillage Res 53:29–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bardgett RD, Wardle DA, Yeates GW (1998) Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1867–1878

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barger NN, Ojima DS, Belnap J, Wang SP, Wang YF, Chen ZZ (2004) Changes in plant functional groups, litter quality, and soil carbon and nitrogen mineralization with sheep grazing in an inner Mongolian grassland. J Range Manag 57:613–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baron VS, Mapfumo E, Dick AC, Naeth MA, Okine EK, Chanasyk DS (2002) Grazing intensity impacts on pasture carbon and nitrogen flow. J Range Manag 55:535–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer A, Cole CV, Black AL (1987) Soil property comparisons in virgin grasslands between Grazed and Nongrazed management systems1. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:176–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bescansa P, Imaz MJ, Virto I, Enrique A, Hoogmoed WB (2006) Soil water retention as affected by tillage and residue management in semiarid Spain. Soil Tillage Res 87:19–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binkley D, Singer F, Kaye M, Rochelle R (2003) Influence of elk grazing on soil properties in Rocky Mountain National Park. For Ecol Manag 185:239–247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Biondini ME, Patton BD, Nyren PE (1998) Grazing intensity and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed-grass prairie, USA. Ecol Appl 8:469–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bono A, Alvarez R, Buschiazzo DE, Cantet RJC (2008) Tillage Effects on soil carbon balance in a semiarid agroecosystem. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72:1140–1149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brady NC and Weil RR (2008) The nature and properties of soils. Prentice Hall

  • Breman H and Kessler JJ (1995) Woody plants in agro-ecosystems of semi-arid regions: with an emphasis on the Sahelian countries. Germany

  • Bremer DJ, Ham JM, Owensby CE, Knapp AK (1998) Responses of soil respiration to clipping and grazing in a Tallgrass Prairie. J Environ Qual 27:1539–1548

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cao G, Tang Y, Mo W, Wang Y, Li Y, Zhao X (2004) Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau. Soil Biol Biochem 36:237–243

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casals P, Gimeno C, Carrara A, Lopez-Sangil L, Sanz M (2009) Soil CO2 efflux and extractable organic carbon fractions under simulated precipitation events in a Mediterranean dehesa. Soil Biol Biochem 41:1915–1922

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chaneton EJ, Lavado RS (1996) Soil nutrients and salinity after long-term grazing exclusion in a flooding Pampa grassland. J Range Manag 49:182–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conant R, Paustian K, Del Grosso S, Parton W (2005) Nitrogen pools and fluxes in grassland soils sequestering carbon. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 71:239–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cubera E, Moreno G (2007) Effect of land-use on soil water dynamic in dehesas of Central-Western Spain. Catena 71:298–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson EA, Verchot LV, Cattânio JH, Ackerman IL, Carvalho JEM (2000) Effects of soil water content on soil respiration in forests and cattle pastures of eastern Amazonia. Biogeochemistry 48:53–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Detling JK, Dyer MI, Winn DT (1979) Net photosynthesis, root respiration, and regrowth of Bouteloua gracilis following simulated grazing. Oecologia 41:127–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Díaz M, Campos P, Pulido FJ (1997) The spanish dehesa: a diversity in land uses and wildlifes. Academics Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Eichhorn M, Paris P, Herzog F, Incoll L, Liagre F, Mantzanas K, Mayus M, Moreno G, Papanastasis V, Pilbeam D, Pisanelli A, Dupraz C (2006) Silvoarable systems in Europe—past, present and future prospects. Agrofor Syst 67:29–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellert BH, Janzen HH (1999) Short-term influence of tillage on CO2 fluxes from a semi-arid soil on the Canadian Prairies. Soil Tillage Res 50:21–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Escudero A (1985) Efecto de arboles aislados sobre las propiedades químicas del suelo. Revue d’Ecologie et de Biologie du Sol 22:149–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Follett RF, Kimble JM, Lal R (2001) Organic carbon pools in grazing land soils. the potential of US grazing lands to sequester carbon and mitigate the greenhouse effect. Lewis, Boca Ratón, pp 65–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortin MC, Rochette P, Pattey E (1996) Soil carbon dioxide fluxes from conventional and no-tillage small-grain cropping systems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 60:1541–1547

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frank D (2005) The interactive effects of grazing ungulates and aboveground production on grassland diversity. Oecologia 143:629–634

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franzluebbers AJ (2002) Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality. Soil and Tillage Research 66:95–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzluebbers AJ, Hons FM, Zuberer DA (1995) Tillage and crop effects on seasonal dynamics of soil CO2 evolution, water content, temperature, and bulk density. Appl Soil Ecol 2:95–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo A (2003) Effect of tree canopy on the spatial distribution of soil nutrients in a Mediterranean dehesa. Pedobiologia 47:117–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo A, Merino J (1998) Soil nitrogen dynamics in response to carbon increase in a mediterranean shrubland of SW Spain. Soil Biol Biochem 30:1349–1358

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallardo A, Rodríguez-Saucedo JJ, Covelo F, Fernández-Alés R (2000) Soil nitrogen heterogeneity in a dehesa ecosystem. Plant Soil 222:71–82

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gea-Izquierdo G, Montero G, Cañellas I (2009) Changes in limiting resources determine spatio-temporal variability in tree–grass interactions. Agrofor Syst 76:375–387

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gifford GF, Hawkins RH (1978) Hydrologic impact of grazing on infiltration: a critical review. Water Resour Res 14:305–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood KL, McKenzie BM (2001) Grazing effects on soil physical properties and the consequences for pastures: a review. Aust J Exp Agric 41:1231–1250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hernanz JL, López R, Navarrete L, Sánchez-Girón V (2002) Long-term effects of tillage systems and rotations on soil structural stability and organic carbon stratification in semiarid central Spain. Soil Tillage Res 66:129–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain MZ, Otieno DO, Mirzae H, Li YL, Schmidt MWT, Siebke L, Foken T, Ribeiro NA, Pereira JS, Tenhunen JD (2009) CO2 exchange and biomass development of the herbaceous vegetation in the Portuguese montado ecosystem during spring. Agric Ecosyst Environ 132:143–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IPCC (2007) Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, p 104

  • IUSS (2007) Working Group WRB. World reference base for soil resources 2006.First update 2007. In World resources reports no. 103. FAO. Rome

  • Jackson LE, Calderon FJ, Steenwerth KL, Scow KM, Rolston DE (2003) Responses of soil microbial processes and community structure to tillage events and implications for soil quality. Geoderma 114:305–317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janssens IA, Pilegaard KIM (2003) Large seasonal changes in Q10 of soil respiration in a beech forest. Glob Change Biol 9:911–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jia B, Zhou G, Wang F, Wang Y, Weng E (2007) Effects of grazing on soil respiration Of Leymus chinensis steppe. Clim Change 82:211–223

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joffre R, Rambal S (1988) Soil water improvement by trees in the rangelands of southern Spain. Oecología Platarum 9:405–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Joffre R, Rambal S (1993) How tree cover influences the water balance of Mediterranean rangelands. Ecology 74:570–582

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joffre R, Rambal S, Ratte J (1999) The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic. Agrofor Syst 45:57–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LC, Matchett JR (2001) Fire and grazing regulate belowground processes in tallgrass prairie. Ecology 82:3377–3389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones SK, Rees RM, Kosmas D, Ball BC, Skiba UM (2006) Carbon sequestration in a temperate grassland; management and climatic controls. Soil Use Manag 22:132–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jose S (2009) Agroforestry for ecosystem services and environmental benefits: an overview. Agrofor Syst 76:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kessavalou A, Doran JW, Mosier AR, Drijber RA (1998) Greenhouse gas fluxes following tillage and wetting in a wheat-fallow cropping system. J Environ Qual 27:1105–1116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby KR, Potvin C (2007) Variation in carbon storage among tree species: implications for the management of a small-scale carbon sink project. For Ecol Manag 246:208–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • La Scala Jr N, Lopes A, Spokas K, Bolonhezi D, Archer DW, Reicosky DC (2008) Short-term temporal changes of soil carbon losses after tillage described by a first-order decay model. Soil Tillage Res 99:108–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lecain DR, Morgan JA, Schuman GE, Reeder JD, Hart RH (2000) Carbon exchange rates in grazed and ungrazed pastures of Wyoming. Range Manag 53:199–206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lecain DR, Morgan JA, Schuman GE, Reeder JD, Hart RH (2002) Carbon exchange and species composition of grazed pastures and exclosures in the shortgrass steppe of Colorado. Agric Ecosyst Environ 93:421–435

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebig MA, Kronberg SL, Hendrickson JR, Dong X, Gross JR (2013) Carbon dioxide efflux from long-term grazing management systems in a semiarid region. Agric Ecosyst Environ 164:137–144

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linnartz NE, Hse C-Y, Duvall VL (1966) Grazing impairs physical properties of a forest soil in Central Louisiana. J For 64:239–243

    Google Scholar 

  • López-Bellido L, López-Garrido FJ, Fuentes M, Castillo JE, Fernández EJ (1997) Influence of tillage, crop rotation and nitrogen fertilization on soil organic matter and nitrogen under rain-fed Mediterranean conditions. Soil Tillage Res 43:277–293

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • López-Carrasco C, Gómez MJ, Carpintero JM, Brañas J, Roig S (2012) Effect of new fertilizers at the dehesa: diversity and yield of herbaceous pastures. Nuevos retos de la ganadería extensiva: un agente de conservación en peligro de extinción. SEEP. Navarra, Spain

  • López-Garrido R, Díaz-Espejo A, Madejón E, Murillo JM and Moreno F (2009) Carbon losses by tillage under semi-arid Mediterranean rainfed agriculture (SW Spain)

  • López-Garrido R, Madejón E, Murillo JM, Moreno F (2011) Soil quality alteration by mouldboard ploughing in a commercial farm devoted to no-tillage under Mediterranean conditions. Agric Ecosyst Environ 140:182–190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma S, Baldocchi DD, Xu L, Hehn T (2007) Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California. Agric For Meteorol 147:157–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malhi Y, Roberts JT, Betts RA, Killeen TJ, Li W, Nobre CA (2008) Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science (New York) 319:169–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mapfumo E, Chanasyk DS, Naeth MA, Baron VS (1999) Soil compaction under grazing of annual and perennial forages. Can J Soil Sci 79:191–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazancourt C, Loreau M, Abbadie L (1998) Grazing optimization and nutrient cycling: when do herbivores enhance plant production? Ecology 79:2242–2252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNabb DM, Halaj J, Wise DH (2001) Inferring trophic positions of generalist predators and their linkage to the detrital food web in agroecosystems: a stable isotope analysis. Pedobiologia 45:289–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menezes RSC, Salcedo IH, Elliott ET (2002) Microclimate and nutrient dynamics in a silvopastoral system of semiarid northeastern Brazil. Agrofor Syst 56:27–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mielnick PC, Dugas WA (2000) Soil CO2 flux in a tallgrass prairie. Soil Biol Biochem 32:221–228

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milchunas DG, Lauenroth WK (1993) Quantitative effects of grazing on vegetation and soils over a global range of environments. Ecol Monogr 63:327–366

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morell FJ, Álvaro-Fuentes J, Lampurlanés J, Cantero-Martínez C (2010) Soil CO2 fluxes following tillage and rainfall events in a semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystem: effects of tillage systems and nitrogen fertilization. Agric Ecosyst Environ 139:167–173

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno G, Obrador J (2007) Effects of trees and understorey management on soil fertility and nutritional status of holm oaks in Spanish dehesas. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 78:253–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno G, Obrador JJ, Cubera E, Dupraz C (2005) Fine root distribution in dehesas of central-western Spain. Plant Soil 277:153–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreno G, Obrador JJ, García A (2007) Impact of evergreen oaks on soil fertility and crop production in intercropped dehesas. Agric Ecosyst Environ 119:270–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neff JC, Reynolds RL, Belnap J, Lamothe P (2005) Multi-decadal impacts of grazing on soil physical and biogeochemical properties in southeast Utah. Ecol Appl 15:87–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olea L, Paredes J and Verdasco M P (1990–1991) Características y producción de los pastos de las dehesas del S. O. de la Península Ibérica. Pastos 20–21, 131–156

  • Olsen HR, Van Miegroet H (2010) Factors affecting carbon dioxide release from forest and rangeland soils in northern Utah. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74:282–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papanastasis VP (2004) Vegetation degradation and land use changes in agrosilvopastoral systems. In: Schnabel S, Ferreira A (eds) Advances in geoecology 37: sustainability of agrosilvopastoral systems—Dehesas Montados. Reiskirchen, Catena Verlag, pp 1–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Plieninger T, Pulido FJ, Konold W (2003) Effects of land-use history on size structure of holm oak stands in Spanish dehesas: implications for conservation and restoration. Environ Conserv 30:61–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proffitt A, Bendotti S, Howell M, Eastham J (1993) The effect of sheep trampling and grazing on soil physical properties and pasture growth for a red–brown earth. Aust J Agric Res 44:317–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pulido FJ, Díaz M, Hidalgo de Trucios SJ (2001) Size structure and regeneration of Spanish holm oak Quercus ilex forests and dehesas: effects of agroforestry use on their long-term sustainability. For Ecol Manag 146:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raich JW, Schlesinger WH (1992) The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate. Tellus B 44:81–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raiesi F, Asadi E (2006) Soil microbial activity and litter turnover in native grazed and ungrazed rangelands in a semiarid ecosystem. Biol Fertil Soils 43:76–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran Nair PK, Mohan Kumar B, Nair VD (2009) Agroforestry as a strategy for carbon sequestration. J Plant Nutr Soil Sci 172:10–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder JD, Schuman GE (2002) Influence of livestock grazing on C sequestration in semi-arid mixed-grass and short-grass rangelands. Environ Pollut 116:457–463

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder JD, Schuman GE, Morgan JA, Lecain DR (2004) Response of organic and inorganic carbon and nitrogen to long-term grazing of the shortgrass steppe. Environ Manag 33:485–495

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reicosky DC, Lindstrom MJ (1993) Fall tillage method: effect on short-term carbon dioxide flux from soil. Agron J 85:1237–1243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reicosky DC, Dugas WA, Torbert HA (1997) Tillage-induced soil carbon dioxide loss from different cropping systems. Soil Tillage Res 41:105–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivas-Martínez S, Rivas-Saenz S (2010) Worldwide bioclimatic classification system 1996–2009. Phytosociological Research Center, Spain. http://www.globalbioclimatics.org

  • Saetre P, Baath E (2000) Spatial variation and patterns of soil microbial community structure in a mixed spruce–birch stand. Soil Biol Biochem 32:909–917

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez PA (2000) Linking climate change research with food security and poverty reduction in the tropics. Agric Ecosyst Environ 82:371–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuman GE, Reeder JD, Manley JT, Hart RH, Manley WA (1999) Impact of grazing management on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed-grass rangeland I. Ecol Appl 9:65–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharrow SH, Ismail S (2004) Carbon and nitrogen storage in agroforests, tree plantations, and pastures in western Oregon, USA. Agrofor Syst 60:123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simón N, Montes F, Díaz-Pinés E, Benavides R, Roig S, Rubio A (2012) Spatial distribution of the soil organic carbon pool in a Holm oak dehesa in Spain. Plant Soil 366:1–13

  • Stark S, Wardle DA, Ohtonen R, Helle T, Yeates GW (2000) The effect of reindeer grazing on decomposition, mineralization and soil biota in a dry oligotrophic Scots pine forest. Oikos 90:301–310

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens M, Kölbl A, Totsche KU, Kögel-Knabner I (2008) Grazing effects on soil chemical and physical properties in a semiarid steppe of Inner Mongolia (P.R. China). Geoderma 143:63–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sulzman EW, Brant JB, Bowden RD, Lajtha K (2005) Contribution of aboveground litter, belowground litter, and rhizosphere respiration to total soil CO2 efflux in an old growth coniferous forest. Biogeochemistry 73:231–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sundseth K (2009) Natura 2000 in the Mediterranean, Region edn. European Communities, Luxembourg

    Google Scholar 

  • Taddese G, Saleem MAM, Ayalneh W (2002) Effect of livestock grazing on physical properties of a cracking and self-mulching Vertisol. Aust J Exp Agric 42:129–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trimble SW, Mendel AC (1995) The cow as a geomorphic agent—A critical review. Geomorphology 13:233–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yates CJ, Norton DA, Hobbs RJ (2000) Grazing effects on plant cover, soil and microclimate in fragmented woodlands in south-western Australia: implications for restoration. Austral Ecol 25:36–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was conducted in the framework of the Spanish SUM2006-00034; CGL2006-02922 and CGL2009-07031. The authors would like to express their gratitude to agricultural research center team “Dehesón del encinar” and especially Celia López Carrasco for her support. We also appreciate the assistance of Dr. Agustín Rubio and Dr. Eugenio Diaz-Pines.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Medio Ambiente, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040, Madrid, Spain

    C. Uribe, R. Inclán & M. A. Clavero

  2. Departamento Silvopascicultura, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

    L. Hernando & S. Roig

  3. Department of Wildland Resources and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5230, USA

    M. Román & H. Van Miegroet

Authors
  1. C. Uribe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Inclán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. Hernando
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. M. Román
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. A. Clavero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. S. Roig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. H. Van Miegroet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to C. Uribe.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Uribe, C., Inclán, R., Hernando, L. et al. Grazing, tilling and canopy effects on carbon dioxide fluxes in a Spanish dehesa. Agroforest Syst 89, 305–318 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9767-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-014-9767-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation