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VEGF-A plasma levels are associated with impaired DLCO and radiological sequelae in long COVID patients

Angiogenesis (2023)Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), is characterized by persistent clinical symptoms following COVID-19.

Objective

To correlate biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction with persistent clinical symptoms and pulmonary function defects at distance from COVID-19.

Methods

Consecutive patients with long COVID-19 suspicion were enrolled. A panel of endothelial biomarkers was measured in each patient during clinical evaluation and pulmonary function test (PFT).

Results

The study included 137 PASC patients, mostly male (68%), with a median age of 55 years. A total of 194 PFTs were performed between months 3 and 24 after an episode of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We compared biomarkers evaluated in PASC patients with 20 healthy volunteers (HVs) and acute hospitalized COVID-19 patients (n = 88). The study found that angiogenesis-related biomarkers and von Willebrand factor (VWF) levels were increased in PASC patients compared to HVs without increased inflammatory or platelet activation markers. Moreover, VEGF-A and VWF were associated with persistent lung CT scan lesions and impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurement. By employing a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index, we further confirmed the accuracy of VEGF-A and VWF. Following adjustment, VEGF-A emerged as the most significant predictive factor associated with persistent lung CT scan lesions and impaired DLCO measurement.

Conclusion

VEGF-A is a relevant predictive factor for DLCO impairment and radiological sequelae in PASC. Beyond being a biomarker, we hypothesize that the persistence of angiogenic disorders may contribute to long COVID symptoms.

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Abbreviations

Ang:

Angiopoietin

AP-HP:

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris

ARDS:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

ATS:

American Thoracic Society

AUC:

Area under the curve

BMI:

Body mass index

CRP:

C-reactive protein

CT:

Computer Tomography

DLCO:

Diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide

FGF-2:

Fibroblast growth factor 2

FRC:

Functional residual capacity

GLI:

Global Lung Function Initiative

GGO:

Ground glass opacities

HR-CT:

High-resolution computed tomography

Hs-cTnI:

High-sensitivity cardiac troponin I

IPF:

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

IQR:

Interquartile range

6-MWD:

6-minute walk distance

PAH:

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

PASC:

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19

PH:

Pulmonary hypertension

PIGF:

Placental growth factor

PFT:

Pulmonary function test

PPP:

Platelet-poor plasma

ROC:

Receiver operator characteristics

SARS-CoV-2:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2

SD:

Standard deviation

sP-sel:

Soluble P-selectin

VCAM-1:

Vascular cell adhesion protein 1

VEGF-A:

Vascular endothelial growth factor A

VWF:

von Willebrand factor

TLC:

Total lung capacity

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Funding

This work was funded with grants from French national agency for research ANR SARCODO (Fondation de France). Aurélien Philippe was funded with grants from Mécénat Crédit Agricole Ile de France programme jeune talent.

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Author notes

  1. Aurélien Philippe and Sven Günther have equally contributed to this paper.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Paris Cité, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, INSERM, 75006, Paris, France

    Aurélien Philippe, Sven Günther, Jeanne Rancic, Nicolas Gendron, Benjamin Planquette, Olivier Sanchez, Pascale Gaussem, Jean-Luc Diehl & David M. Smadja

  2. Hematology Department, AP-HP.Centre, Université Paris Cité, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, 75015, Paris, France

    Aurélien Philippe, Nicolas Gendron, Pascale Gaussem & David M. Smadja

  3. Unité d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires et du Sommeil, AP-HP, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, 75015, Paris, France

    Sven Günther, Bertrand Renaud & Thông Hua-Huy

  4. Pharmacy Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP Sorbonne University, Paris, France

    Pauline Cavagna

  5. Université Paris Cité, INSERM, PARCC, 75015, Paris, France

    Pauline Cavagna

  6. Paris-Cardiovascular Research Center INSERM 970, Université de Paris, Paris, France

    Elie Mousseaux & Guillaume Reverdito

  7. Department of Radiology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, 75015, Paris, France

    Elie Mousseaux & Guillaume Reverdito

  8. Respiratory Diseases Department, AP-HP.Centre, Université Paris Cité, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, 75015, Paris, France

    Benjamin Planquette & Olivier Sanchez

  9. Infectious Diseases and Immunology Department, AP-HP. Centre, Université Paris Cité, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, 75004, Paris, France

    Dominique Salmon

  10. Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP. Centre Université Paris Cité, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, 75015, Paris, France

    Jean-Luc Diehl

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  1. Aurélien Philippe
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  2. Sven Günther
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Contributions

DMS, SG, and JLD designed the study. AP and DMS analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. AP and PC performed statistical analysis. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript for publication.

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Correspondence to David M. Smadja.

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Philippe, A., Günther, S., Rancic, J. et al. VEGF-A plasma levels are associated with impaired DLCO and radiological sequelae in long COVID patients. Angiogenesis (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10456-023-09890-9

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