Abstract
Araucaria angustifolia is an anemophilous conifer native to Southern America threatened with extinction, with a noticeable decrease in its distribution area and seed production. To better understand the reproductive dynamics, the aerobiological curves obtained with Hirst methodology were analyzed during 7 years in San Antonio (Misiones, Argentina), including productivity, seasonality, start, end, duration, and peak, along with the role of meteorological/seasonal climate factors. An alternation between 1 year of high pollen values (1685 pollen grains day m−3, on average), followed by 2 years of a progressive reduction (456 pollen grains day m−3, on average) in productivity, was observed. This pattern was negatively related to temperature during the month preceding pollination; August minimum temperature yielded the best fit (correlation coefficient r = − 0.9, p < 0.01). In only 36 days, including October, 90% of the annual pollen was released. The daily pattern showed a curve with higher concentrations between hour 8 and hour 14. The daily maximum at hour 10 suggests pollen inputs from local sources. The eolic transport is limited due to the big size and weight of the grains and the unfavorable atmospheric conditions that prevail in this subtropical forest (high humidity and low wind speed). The average airborne pollen curve showed a peak during the second fortnight of October. Rain induced a noticeable reduction in pollen concentration modifying the shape of the aerobiological curve. Aerobiological analyses provide reliable information for the design of conservation strategies, such as ex situ planting and selective harvesting of seeds.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Anselmini, I. J. (2005). Fenología reprodutiva da Araucaria angustifolia (BERT.) O. KTZE, NA Regiao de Curitiba-PR. Tesis de Maestria. Universidad Federal de Paraná, Brasil.
Anselmini, I. J., Zanette, F., & Bona, C. (2006). Fenología reproductiva da Araucaria angustifolia (BERT.) O. KTZE, na regiao de Curitiba–PR. Foresta e Ambient,13, 44–52.
Bertolini, M. P. (1999). Plan de Manejo del Parque Provincial Cruce Caballero (pp. 1–103). Posadas: Ministerio de Ecología y R.N.R. de la Provincia de Misiones.
Bittencourt, J. V. M., & Sebbenn, A. M. (2008). Pollen movement within a continuous forest of wind-pollinated Araucaria angustifolia, inferred from paternity and TWOGENER analysis. Conservation Genetics,9, 855–868.
Burgos, J. J. (1970). El clima de la región noreste de la Rep. Argentina en relación con la vegetación natural y el suelo. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica,11(Supl.), 37–101.
Caccavari, M. A. (2003). Dispersión del polen de Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O’Kuntze. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales,5(2), 135–138.
Caccavari, M. A., Dome, E. A., Del Fueyo, G., & Gauchat M. E. (2000). Biología reproductiva de Araucaria angustifolia. Estudios palinológicos: viabilidad del polen, fertilización; Fenología de la polinización. Relatorio PROYECTO IPGRI: Conservación, manejo y uso sustentable de forestas con Araucaria angustifolia. Inédito.
Cour, P., & Van Campo, M. (1980). Prévisions de récolte à partir de l’analyse du contenu pollinique de l’atmosphére. Compte rendu Acad. Sc. D., Séance 10 mars. París, France. 1290.
Emberlin, J. C., Savage, M., & Woodman, R. (1993). Annual variations in the concentration of Betula pollen in the London area. 1961–1990. Grana,32, 359–364.
Fassola, H. (2005). Araucaria angustifolia. Resumen ejecutivo. Subprogramas pinos en la región mesopotámica. Araucaria, Chap. 3. In A. C. Noverto (Ed.), Mejores árboles para más forestadores. El programa de producción de material de propagación mejorado y el mejoramiento genético en el Proyecto Forestal de Desarrollo [2005] (pp. 45–58). Proyecto Forestal de Desarrollo. Secretaria de Agricultura, Ganaderia, Pesca y Alimentacion, Buenos Aires (Argentina), 241 p.
Fassola, H., Ferrere, P., Muñoz, D., Pahr, N., Kuzdra, H., & Marquéz, S. (1999). Observaciones sobre la producción de frutos y semillas en plantaciones de Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. (Periodo 1993–1998). In Informe Técnico nº 24. INTA EEA. Montecarlo, Misiones.
Fernández-Llamazares, I., Belmonte, J., Boada, M., & Fraixedas, S. (2014). Airborne pollen records and their potential applications to the conservation of biodiversity. Aerobiologia,30, 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-013-9320-4.
Galán, C., Ariatti, A., Bonini, M., Clot, B., Crouzy, B., Dahl, A., et al. (2017). Recommended terminology for aerobiological studies. Aerobiologia,33, 293–295.
Galán, G., Tormo, R., Cuevas, J., Infante, F., & Domínguez, E. (1991). Theoretical daily variation patterns of airborne pollen in the south-west of Spain. Grana,30, 201–209.
Gauchat, M. E., Aguirre, N. C., Latorre, F., Inza, M. V., Belaber, E. C., Zelener, N., et al. (2019). Chapter 16: Paraná Pine (Araucaria angustifolia): The most planted native forest tree species in Argentina. In M. J. Pastorino & P. Marchelli (Eds.), Low intensity breeding of native forest trees in Argentina. London: Springer Books (in press).
Giostra, U., Mandrioli, P., Tampieri, F., & Trombetti, F. (1991). Model for pollen emission and transport in the evolving convective boundary layer. Grana,30, 210–214.
Hicks, S., Ammann, B., Latalowa, M., Pardoe, H., & Tinsley, H. (Eds.). (1996). European pollen monitoring programme: Project description and guidelines. Oulu: University of Oulu.
Hirst, J. M. (1952). An automatic volumetric spore trap. Annals of Applied Biology,39, 257–265.
IPCC. (2001–2007). Climate change 2001 (Vol. 1). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Käpylä, M. (1984). Diurnal variation of tree pollen in the air in Finland. Grana,23, 167–176.
Latorre, F. (1997). Comparison between phenological and aerobiological patterns of some arboreal species of Mar del Plata (Argentina). Aerobiologia,13, 49–59.
Latorre, F. (1999). El polen atmosférico como indicador de la vegetación y de su fenología floral. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (p. 244). Retrived March, 1, 2019 from http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/tesis_n3212_Latorre.
Latorre, F. (2018). Estudio de la productividad de polen y semillas de Araucaria angustifolia y su aplicación en producción de material reproductivo y para la conservación de una especie en peligro de extinción. Informe Técnico Final. Proyecto de Investigación Aplicada Nº 124028. Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería y Pesca, Argentina.
Latorre, F., Abud Sierra, M. L., Alarcón, P., & Fassola, H. (2014). Estudio aerobiológico de Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze en San Antonio, Misiones (pp. 483–490). ISSN-L1668-5385 UNAM.
Latorre, F., Alarcón, P., & Fassola, H. (2013). Distribución temporal y espacial del polen de Araucaria angustifolia (Araucariaceae) en Misiones, Argentina. Boletín Sociedad Argentina de Botánica,48(3–4), 453–464.
Latorre, F., & Belmonte, J. (2004). Temporal and spatial distribution of atmospheric Poaceae pollen in Catalonia (Northeast Spain) in 1996–2001. Grana,43, 156–163.
Latorre, F., & Bianchi, M. M. (1998). Relationships between flowering development of Ulmus pumila and Fraxinus excelsior and their airborne pollen. Grana,37, 233–238.
Latorre, F., & Caccavari, M. A. (2009). Airborne pollen patterns in Mar del Plata atmosphere (Argentina) and its relationship with meteorological conditions. Aerobiologia,25(4), 297–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-009-9134-6.
Latorre, F., & Fassola, H. (2014). Propuesta para estimar anticipadamente la cosecha de semillas de Araucaria angustifolia a partir del registro polínico. Relación con el clima. Impacto sobre las prácticas de manejo (pp. 1–8). INTA Edit. Retrived June, 29, 2015 from http://www.intaexpone.gob.ar/MAGPyA.
Latorre, F., Romero, E. J., & Mancini, M. V. (2001). Representatividad de la vegetación en el espectro de polen atmosférico de la ciudad de Mar del Plata (Argentina). Publicación Especial de Ameghiniana,8, 119–124.
Latorre, F., Rotundo, C., Abud Sierra, M. L., & Fassola, H. (2019). Efecto del clima en la reproducción del pino Paraná (Araucaria angustifolia). Pautas para el manejo de esta especie en peligro crítico de extinción. XVIII Jornadas Técnicas Forestales y Ambientales. 17 al 19 octubre. Eldorado. Misiones.
Luomajoki, A. (1993). Climate adaptation of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karston) in Finland based on male flowering phenology. Acta Forestalia Fennica,242, 1–28.
Majeed, H. T., Periago, C., Alarcón, M., & Belmonte, J. (2018). Airborne pollen parameters and their relationship with meteorological variables in NE Iberian Peninsula. Aerobiologia,34, 375–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-018-9520-z.
Mattos, J. R. (1994). O Pinheiro Brasileiro. 2ª ed. Artes Gráficas Princesa Ltda. Lages, v.1. In: Mantovani, A., Morellato, P.L. & Dos Reis, M. (2004). Fenologia reprodutiva e produção de sementes em Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O. Kuntze. Revista Brasileira de Botanica,27(4), 787–796.
Menzel, A., Sparks, T. A., Estrella, N., Koch, E., Aasa, A., Ahas, R., et al. (2006). European phenological response to climate change matches the warming pattern. Global Change Biology,12, 1969–1976. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01193.x.
Moscovich, F., Fassola, H., Pinazo, M., Crechi, E., Fernandez, R., Kuzdra, H., et al. (2006). Plan de manejo de Araucaria angustifolia para el Campo Anexo Manuel Belgrano. Montecarlo: INTA.
Newnham, R. M. (1999). Monitoring biogeographical response to climate change: The potential role of aeropalynology. Aerobiologia,15, 87–94.
Newnham, R. M., Sparks, T. H., Skjøth, C. A., Head, K., Adams-Groom, B., & Smith, M. (2013). Pollen season and climate: Is the timing of birch pollen release in the UK approaching its limit? International Journal of Biometeorology,57, 391–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-012-0563-5.
Nilsson, S., & Persson, S. (1981). Tree pollen spectra in the Stockholm region (Sweden) 1973–1980. Grana,20, 179–182.
Pallardy, S. G. (2007). Physiology of woody plants (p. 469). London: British Library. Elsevier Inc.
Recio, M., Cabezudo, B., Trigo, M. M., & Toro, F. J. (1996). Olea europaea polen in the atmosphere of Málaga (S. Spain) and its relationship with meteorological parameters. Grana,35, 308–313.
Recio, M., Cabezudo, B., Trigo, M. M., & Toro, F. J. (1997). Accumulative air temperature as a predicting parameter for daily airborne olive pollen (Olea europaea L.) during the prepeak period in Málaga (Western Mediterranean area). Grana,36, 44–48.
Rogers, C., & Muilenberg, M. (2001). Comprehensive Guidelines for the operation of Hirst-Type suction bioaerosol samplers. Paris: Pan-American Aerobiology Association, Standarized Protocols.
Sánchez, A. A., & Latorre, F. (2011). Flowering of urban trees and airborne pollen concentrations in Diamante (Entre Ríos, Argentina). Scientia Interfluvius,2(1), 07–19.
Schwartz, M. D. (1999). Advancing to full bloom: planning phenological research for the 21st century. International Journal of Biometeorology,42, 113–118.
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional. (2010). Estadísticas climatológicas. Buenos Aires: Publicaciones del Servicio Meteorológico Nacional.
Simón, B. E., Latorre, F., & Rotundo, C. (2018). Study of the reproductive phenology of Araucaria angustifolia in two environments of Argentina: Its application to the management of a species at risk. Global Ecology and Conservation Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00483.
Tauber, H. (1965). Differential pollen dispersion and the interpretation of pollen diagrams, 2nd sec., 89 (pp. 34–41). Copenhagen: Geological Survey of Denmark.
Thomas, P. (2013). Araucaria angustifolia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2013: e.T32975A2829141. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32975A2829141.en.
Tíscar Oliver, P. A. (2009). La vecería del pino salgareño (Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii): un análisis a partir de datos recogidos por Enrique Mackay Monteverde. Revista Montes,96, 39–45.
Villalba, R., Srur, A. M., Mundo, I. A., Amoroso, M., Morales, M. S., Rodríguez Catón, M. R., et al. (2014). Cambios climáticos y bosques en Argentina: desafíos y oportunidades. Actas XVI Jornadas Técnicas Forestales y Ambientales, Eldorado, 15 al 18 mayo (pp. 30–32).
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their thanks to the technical staff of INTA at San Antonio for their collaboration in data collection. The Proyecto de Investigación Aplicada PIA 14028 was financed by the Programa de Sustentabilidad y Competitividad Forestal BID 2853/OC-AR, DIPROSE-MINAGRO. Collaboration was also received from the Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata subsidy EXA 940/19 15/E898 and from INTEA S.A.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Latorre, F., Rotundo, C., Abud Sierra, M.L. et al. Daily, seasonal, and interannual variability of airborne pollen of Araucaria angustifolia growing in the subtropical area of Argentina. Aerobiologia 36, 277–290 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09626-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-020-09626-y