Abstract
Diaphanosoma s.l., with 40+ described species, is the largest genus of the Sididae and the Ctenopoda, similar in many ways to the anomopod genus Daphnia. Here, we offer a c morphological evaluation of 33 species and contrast it with an analysis of the bar coding fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit (COI) gene in order to gain insight into the taxonomy and phylogeny of the group. A search for structure in the genus based on micromorphological characters identified (1) the number of setae on the endopodite of P6 and (2) the relative length of the three apical setae of the exopodite of P6 as consistent markers, recovering two clades, the hexa-clade (with six endital setae) and the hepta-group (with seven setae). A third character is the armament of the posterior zone of the ventral margin of the valves, denticulated in the hexa-group, with fine filaments between the denticles in the hepta-group. Taxonomically, the two clades are assigned the rank of genera. Valid names for both are available in the published literature (Diaphanosoma Fischer s.s. and Neodiaphanosoma Paggi and Da Rocha, amended). A COI-based phylogenetic estimate leads to the same conclusion as morphology, but reveals cryptic speciation as well. COI reveals relatively small genetic distances within and between temperate climate species (e.g., in the D. birgei group) and large differences that form a cline from Australia (the terra typica) across southeast Asia in the tropical Neodiaphanosoma species D. excisum. African populations need more study, but probably represent a separate species. The entire group shows (macro)morphological stasis in the presence of molecular evolution but Neodiaphanosoma is evolving at a much faster rate than Diaphanosoma s.s. that is either a younger group. This hypothesis needs more testing, however. A biogeographic map recovers Neodiaphanosoma (containing slightly over 10 species) as restricted to the tropics, with limited penetration of the subtropics in the southern hemisphere. The more speciose Diaphanosoma group (up to 30 species) lives in the temperate and continental climate zone, with limited extension into subpolar zones, but considerable penetration of the subtropics and tropics. The subtropics, where both groups broadly overlap, is the zone with the highest species richness.
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19 June 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-021-09879-w
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Acknowledgements
We dedicate this paper to the memory of Ramesh Gulati. Although he was a Daphnia man, he was interested in other cladocerans like Ceriodaphnia and Diaphanosoma as well. Although he was not a taxonomist, he insisted on using the correct name for the animals he worked with, acknowledging that a species not only had a specific morphology but a specific ecology also. The pioneer of this study was Mrs. Chen Hua, whose M Sci thesis contains the seeds of the morphological work required to study the characters used in this paper. But without adequate material, such a study would be futile. The godfather of ctenopod studies, Dr. Nikolai M. Korovchinsky from Moscow, deserves special thanks for donating a collection of not less than 24 species from all continents. Dr. Russell Shiel from Adelaide, Australia, and Dr. Marcelo Silva-Briano from Aguascalientes, Mexico, offered species from their local faunas and are thanked for their generous help. A special word of thanks to Prof. Larelle Fabbro of the CQ University at Rockhampton, Australia, for her repeated efforts to provide us with D. excisum from Sars’ type locality. She managed to find the species in between droughts and floods. Dr. John Beaver and Dr. John Havel (USA) provided samples from the East coast of the USA; Dr. Rey Donne S Papa and Mr. Eric Zeus C. Rizo traveled with us to the field in Luzon, Philippines. Mr. Sinyo, environmentalist and tourist guide, provided excellent guidance on the island of Sulawesi, sampling the ancient Malili lakes, but also smaller, shallow water bodies. Mr. Y L Gu accompanied one of us (HJD) during a collecting trip to Lake Toba, Sumatra. E. Nelson dos Santos Silva (Manaus) kindly provided samples from Amazonian varzea lakes. Dr. J C Paggi (Santo Tome, Argentina) kindly checked the distribution map for the hexa-species and added several records from South America that had been overlooked by us. The authors thank the Brazilian Long Term Studies Program (PELD, Site 4), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for logistic support and Lorenna C. Cruz, Marcela M. Ribeiro and Evanguedes Kalapothakis for help with the DNA sequencing of Diaphanosoma brevireme and D. spinulosum in Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
Funding
This research was supported by Grants from the National Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (No: 31670460 to BP Han and No. 31901098 to Ping Liu) and a leading talent scientist of Guangdong Province, China, to HJ Dumont which permitted HJD not only to travel around China, but also to do field work in the adjacent south Asian countries.
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HJD and B-PH designed the research, HJD and HC worked on taxonomy, HC, FFG, CD, PL, LX, SX and AV did molecular analysis, and L-OS, ACR and ME-G supported taxonomy and phylogenetic analysis.
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Dumont, H.J., Han, BP., Guo, F.F. et al. Toward a phylogeny and biogeography of Diaphanosoma (Crustacea: Cladocera). Aquat Ecol 55, 1207–1222 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-020-09819-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-020-09819-0