Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Translating Cadaveric Injury Risk to Dummy Injury Risk at Iso-energy

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Injury risk assessment based on cadaver data is essential for informing safety standards. The common ‘matched-pair’ method matches energy-based inputs to translate human response to anthropometric test devices (ATDs). However, this method can result in less conservative human injury risk curves due to intrinsic differences between human and ATDs. Generally, dummies are stiffer than cadavers, so force and displacement cannot be matched simultaneously. Differences in fracture tolerance further influence the dummy risk curve to be less conservative under matched-pair. For example, translating a human lumbar injury risk curve to a dummy of equivalent stiffness using matched-pair resulted in a dummy injury risk over 80% greater than the cadaver at 50% fracture risk. This inevitable increase arises because the dummy continues loading without fracture to attenuate energy beyond the ‘matched’ cadaver input selected. Human injury response should be translated using an iso-energy approach, as strain energy is well associated with failure in biological tissues. Until cadaver failure, dummy force is related to cadaver force at iso-energy. Beyond cadaver failure, dummy force is related to cadaver force through failure energy. This method does not require perfect cadaver/dummy biofidelity and ensures that energy beyond cadaver failure does not influence the injury risk function.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bailey, A., J. Christopher, K. Henderson, F. Brozoski, and R. S. Salzar. Comparison of Hybrid-III and PMHS response to simulated underbody blast loading conditions. Proc. IRCOBI Conf. 13:158–170, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chancey, V. C., D. Ottaviano, B. S. Myers, and R. W. Nightingale. A kinematic and anthropometric study of the upper cervical spine and the occipital condyles. J. Biomech. 40(9):1953–1959, 2007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Dibb, A. T. Pediatric Head and Neck Dynamic Response: A Computational Study. PhD. Dissertation, Duke University, Durham, NC, 2011.

  4. Dibb, A. T., C. A. Cox, J. F. Luck, C. A. Cox, B. S. Myers, C. R. Bass, K. B. Arbogast, T. Seacrist, and R. W. Nightingale. Pediatric head and neck dynamics in frontal impact: analysis of important mechanical factors and proposed neck performance corridors for 6- and 10-year-old ATDs. Traffic Inj. Prev. 15(4):386–394, 2014.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Dibb, A. T., C. A. Cox, R. W. Nightingale, J. F. Luck, H. C. Cutcliffe, B. S. Myers, K. B. Arbogast, T. Seacrist, and C. R. Bass. Importance of muscle activations for biofidelic pediatric neck response in computational models. Traffic Inj. Prev. 14:S116–S127, 2013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Foster, J., J. Kortge, and M. Wolanin. Hybrid III: The First Human Like Crash Test Dummy. Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., pp. 49–64, 1977.

  7. Humm, J., and N. Yoganandan. Lower neck injury assessment risk curves based on matched-pair human data for anthropomorphic test devices. Mil. Med. 186(S1):639–644, 2021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim, T., J. R. Funk, V. Bollapragada, X. Ye, and J. Crandall. Evaluation of biofidelity and repeatability of THOR-Lx metric under axial impact loading. Int. J. Precis. Eng. 18(7):1027–1034, 2017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kleinberger, M., E. Sun, R. Eppinger, S. Kuppa, and R. Saul. Development of improved injury criteria for the assessment of advanced automotive restraint systems. NHTSA Docket. 4405(9):12–17, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Loftis, K., K. Sandora, and D. Drewery III. Introduction to the WIAMan biomechanics program. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49:2973–2974, 2021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Melvin, J. W., and F. G. Evans. A strain energy approach to the mechanics of skull fracture. SAE Technical Paper No. 710871, 1971.

  12. Mertz, H. J., A. Irwin, J. Melvin, R. Stanaker, and M. Beebe. Size, weight and biomechanical impact response requirements for adult size small female and large male dummies. SAE Technical Paper No. 890756, 1989.

  13. Mertz, H. J., J. D. Horsch, G. Horn, and R. W. Lowne. Hybrid III sternal deflection associated with thoracic injury severities of occupants restrained with force-limiting shoulder belts. SAE Technical Paper No. 910812, 1991.

  14. Mertz, H. J., P. Prasad, and A. L. Irwin. Injury risk curves for children and adults in frontal and rear collisions. SAE Technical Paper No. 973318, 1997.

  15. Mertz, H. J., P. Prasad, and G. Nusholtz. Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts. SAE Technical Paper No. 910812, 1996.

  16. Nightingale, R. W., B. S. Myers, and N. Yoganandan. Neck Injury Biomechanics. In: Accidental Injury, edited by N. Yoganandan, A. Nahum, and J. Melvin. New York: Springer, 1991, pp. 259–308.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Nightingale, R. W., J. H. McElhaney, D. Camacho, M. Kleinberger, B. Winkelstein, and B. Myers. The dynamic responses of the cervical spine: buckling, end conditions, and tolerance in compressive impacts. SAE Technical Paper No. 973344, 1997.

  18. Nyquist, G., P. Begman, A. I. King, and H. J. Mertz. Correlation of field injuries and GM hybrid III dummy responses for lap-shoulder belt restraint. J. Biomech. 102(2):103–109, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ortiz-Paparoni, M., J. Op’t Eynde, J. Kait, B. Bigler, J. Shridharani, A. Schmidt, C. Cox, C. Morino, F. Pintar, N. Yoganandan, J. Moore, J. Zhang, and C. R. Bass. The human lumbar spine during high-rate under seat loading: a combined metric injury criteria. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(11):3018–3030, 2021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Pintar, F. A., N. Yoganandan, A. Sances, J. Reinartz, G. Harris, and S. J. Larson. Kinematic and anatomical analysis of the human cervical spinal column under axial loading. SAE Technical Paper No. 892436, 1989.

  21. Poplin, G. S., T. L. McMurry, J. L. Forman, J. Ash, D. P. Parent, M. J. Craig, E. Song, R. Kent, G. Shaw, and J. Crandall. Development of thoracic injury risk functions for the THOR ATD. Accid. Anal. Prev. 106:122–130, 2017.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Prasad, P., and R. P. Daniel. A biomechanical analysis of head, neck, and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden torso acceleration. SAE Technical Paper No. 841656, 1984.

  23. Schmidt, A. L., M. A. Ortiz-Paparoni, J. K. Shridharani, R. W. Nightingale, and C. R. Bass. Time and temperature sensitivity of the Hybrid III neck. Traffic Inj. Prev. 19(6):657–663, 2018.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Schmidt, A. L., M. A. Ortiz-Paparoni, J. K. Shridharani, R. W. Nightingale, F. A. Pintar, and C. R. Bass. Time and temperature sensitivity of the hybrid III lumbar spine. Traffic Inj. Prev. 22(6):483–488, 2021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Snedeker, J. G., M. Barbezat, P. Niederer, F. Schmidlin, and M. Farshad. Strain energy density as a rupture criterion for the kidney: impact tests on porcine organs, finite element simulation, and a baseline comparison between human and porcine tissues. J. Biomech. 38(5):993–1001, 2005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Yoganandan, N., F. Pintar, A. Banerjee, M. Schlick, S. Chirvi, H. Uppal, A. Merkle, L. Voo, and M. Kleinberg. Hybrid III lower leg injury assessment reference curves under axial impacts using matched-pair tests. Biomed. Sci. Instrum. 51:230–237, 2015.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Yoganandan, N., F. Pintar, D. J. Maiman, J. F. Cusick, A. Sances Jr., and P. R. Walsh. Human head-neck biomechanics under axial tension. Med. Eng. Phys. 18(4):103–109, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Yoganandan, N., G. Ray, F. Pintar, J. Myklebust, and A. Sances Jr. Stiffness and strain energy criteria to evaluate the threshold of injury to an intervertebral joint. J. Biomech. 22(2):135–142, 1989.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science of the Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University, NC, USA, for their support in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Maria Ortiz-Paparoni, Jefferson Bercaw, Joost Op ’t Eynde, Roger Nightingale & Cameron ‘Dale’ Bass

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Concetta Morino

Authors
  1. Maria Ortiz-Paparoni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Concetta Morino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jefferson Bercaw
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Joost Op ’t Eynde
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Roger Nightingale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Cameron ‘Dale’ Bass
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jefferson Bercaw.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest or competing interests.

Additional information

Associate Editor Joel Stitzel oversaw the review of this article.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ortiz-Paparoni, M., Morino, C., Bercaw, J. et al. Translating Cadaveric Injury Risk to Dummy Injury Risk at Iso-energy. Ann Biomed Eng 52, 406–413 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03388-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-023-03388-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation