Abstract
This study aims to develop a phantom that simulates the electrical properties of a human blood vessel surrounded by tissues, inside which bubbles can be infused to mimic Decompression Sickness (DCS) conditions. This phantom may be used to calibrate novel electrical methods for bubbles detection in humans and study bubble dynamics during DCS. It may contribute to the limitation of in-vivo trials and time/effort saving, while its use can be extended to other biomedical applications. To facilitate the design of the phantom, we perform first in-vitro measurements in a flow-loop and in-vivo measurements in a swine, in order to detect infused bubbles of a few tenths μm—representing Decompression Sickness conditions—in the test liquid flow and blood flow, respectively, by means of “I-VED” EU patented electrical impedance spectroscopy technique. Results show that the proposed phantom, consisting of a spongy specimen soaked in agar gel in the presence of electrolyte with a hole along it, simulates adequately the electrical properties of a human blood vessel surrounded by tissues. I-VED demonstrates pretty high sensitivity to sense micro-bubbles over the partially conductive vessel walls of the phantom or the isolated animal vein, as well as in the flow-loop: bubbles presence increases electrical impedance and causes intense signal fluctuations around its mean value.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adams, F., T. Qiu, A. Mark, B. Fritz, L. Kramer, D. Schlager, U. Wetterauer, A. Miernik, and P. Fischer. Soft 3D-printed phantom of the human kidney with collecting system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45:963–972, 2017.
Anand, G., A. Lowe, and A. Al-Jumaily. Tissue phantoms to mimic the dielectric properties of human forearm section for multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis at low frequencies. Mat. Sci. Eng. C. 96:496–508, 2019.
Brzozowski, P., K. I. Penev, and K. Mequanint. Gellan gum gel tissue phantoms and gel dosimeters with tunable electrical, mechanical and dosimetric properties. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 180:332–338, 2021.
Evgenidis, S., and T. Karapantsios. Effect of bubble size on void fraction fluctuations in dispersed bubble flows. Int. J. Multiph. Flow. 75:163–173, 2015.
Evgenidis, S., and T. Karapantsios. Gas–liquid flow of sub-millimeter bubbles at low void fractions: experimental study of bubble size distribution and void fraction. Int. J. Heat Fluid Fl. 71:353–365, 2018.
Evgenidis, S. P., and T. D. Karapantsios. Gas–liquid flow of sub-millimeter bubbles at low void fractions: Void fraction prediction using drift-flux model. Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci. 98:195–205, 2018.
Faes, T. J. C., H. A. van der Meij, J. C. de Munck, and R. M. Heethaar. The electric resistivity of human tissues (100 Hz–10 MHz): a meta-analysis of review studies. Physiol. Meas. 20:R1, 1999.
Gaillard, T., M. Roche, C. Honorez, M. Jumeau, A. Balan, C. Jedrzejszyk, and W. Drenckhan. Controlled foam generation using cyclic diphasic flows through a constriction. Int. J. Multiphas. Flow. 96:173–187, 2017.
Gkotsis, P., S. P. Evgenidis, and T. D. Karapantsios. Associating void fraction signals with bubble clusters features in co-current, upward gas-liquid flow of a non-Newtonian liquid. Int. J. Multiphas. Flow. 131:103297, 2020.
Gkotsis, P., S. P. Evgenidis, and T. D. Karapantsios. Influence of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid behaviour on void fraction and bubble size for a gas-liquid flow of sub-millimeter bubbles at low void fractions. Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci. 109:109912, 2019.
Kaser, T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research—Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol. Immunol. 135:95–115, 2021.
Le, D. Q., P. A. Dayton, F. Tillmans, J. Freiberger, R. Moon, P. Denoble, and V. Papadopoulou. Ultrasound in decompression research: fundamentals, considerations, and future technologies. Undersea Hyperb. Med. 48(1):59–72, 2021.
Li, Y., R. Ma, X. Wang, J. Jin, H. Wang, Z. Liu, and T. Yin. Tissue coefficient of bioimpedance spectrometry as an index to discriminate different tissues in vivo. Biocybern. Biomed. Eng. 39(3):923–936, 2019.
Maxwell, J. C. A Treatise of Electricity and Magnetism. London: Oxford University Press, 1892.
Nebuya, S., M. Noshiro, B. H. Brown, R. H. Smallwood, and P. Milnes. Detection of emboli in vessels using electrical impedance measurements—phantom and electrodes. Physiol. Meas. 26:111–118, 2005.
Oikonomidou, O., S. P. Evgenidis, M. Kostoglou, and T. D. Karapantsios. Degassing of a pressurized liquid saturated with dissolved gas when injected to a low pressure liquid pool. Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 96:347–357, 2018.
Papadopoulou, V., S. Evgenidis, R. J. Eckersley, T. Mesimeris, C. Balestra, M. Kostoglou, T. D. Karapantsios, and M. X. Tang. Decompression induced bubble dynamics on ex vivo fat and muscle tissue surfaces with a new experimental set up. Colloids Surf. B. 129:121–129, 2015.
Polanczyk, A., M. Klinger, J. Nanobachvili, I. Huk, and C. Neumayer. Artificial circulatory model for analysis of human and artificial vessels. Appl. Sci. 8:1017, 2018.
Polanczyk, A., M. Podgorski, M. Polanczyk, A. Piechota-Polanczyk, C. Neumayer, and L. Stefanczyk. A novel patient-specific human cardiovascular system phantom (HCSP) for reconstructions of pulsatile blood hemodynamic inside abdominal aortic aneurysm. IEEE Access. 6:61896–61903, 2018.
Polanczyk, A., M. Podgorski, M. Polanczyk, A. Piechota-Polanczyk, L. Stefanczyk, and M. Strzelecki. A novel vision-based system for quantitative analysis of abdominal aortic aneurysm deformation. Biomed. Eng. OnLine. 18:56, 2019.
Prasad, A., and M. Roy. Bioimpedance analysis of vascular tissue and fluid flow in human and plant body: a review. Biosyst. Eng. 197:170–187, 2020.
Rajeshkumar, G., R. Vishnupriyan, and S. Selvadeepak. Tissue mimicking material an idealized tissue model for clinical applications: a review. Mater. Today. 22:2696–2703, 2020.
Rivera, M., E. Lopez, and S. Cancelos. A non-invasive, low frequency resonant method to detect bubbles in liquid media. Appl. Acoust. 179:108044, 2021.
Serafin, A., C. Murphy, M. C. Rubio, and M. N. Collins. Printable alginate/gelatin hydrogel reinforced with carbon nanofibers as electrically conductive scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 122:111927, 2021.
Sharma, G., M. Naushad, B. Thakur, A. Kumar, P. Negi, R. Saini, A. Chahai, F. J. Stadler, and U. M. H. Aqil. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-supported nanocomposite as drug carrier system for controlled delivery of ondansetron. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 15:414, 2018.
Swan, J. G., J. C. Wilbur, K. L. Moodie, S. A. Kane, D. A. Knaus, D. Phillips, T. L. Beach, A. M. Fellows, P. J. Magari, and J. C. Buckey. Microbubbles are detected prior to larger bubbles following decompression. J. Appl. Physiol. 116:790–796, 2014.
Tan, X., D. Li, M. Jeong, T. Yu, Z. Ma, S. Afat, K.-E. Grund, and T. Qiu. Soft liver phantom with a hollow biliary system. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 49(9):2139–2149, 2021.
Vann, R. D., F. K. Butler, J. Mitchell, and R. E. Moon. Decompression illness. Lancet. 377:153–164, 2011.
Vine, S. M., P. L. Painter, M. A. Kuskowski, and C. P. Earthman. Bioimpedance spectroscopy for the estimation of fat-free mass in end-stage renal disease. E. Spen. Eur. E-J. Clin. Nutr. Metab. 6:e1–e6, 2011.
Windberger, U., A. Bartholovitsch, R. Plasenzotti, K. J. Korak, and G. Heinze. Whole blood viscosity, plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation in nine mammalian species: reference values and comparison of data. Exp. Physiol. 88(3):431–440, 2003.
Zabulis, X., M. Papara, A. Chatziargyriou, and T. D. Karapantsios. Detection of densely dispersed spherical bubbles in digital images based on a template matching technique: application to wet foams. Colloids Surf. A. 309:96–106, 2007.
Zhai, L. S., H. M. Wang, C. Yan, H. X. Zhang, and N. D. Jin. Development of empirical correlation to predict droplet size of oil-in-water flows using a multi-scale Poincaré plot. Exp. Therm. Fluid. Sci. 98:290–302, 2018.
Zuang, J., Y. Jinag, H. Ji, B. Wang, and Z. Huang. Electrical impedance characteristics of slug flow in small channels and its application to void fraction estimation. Int. J. Multiphas. Flow. 156:104200, 2022.
Acknowledgments
Authors are really thankful to Prof. L. Papazoglou, Prof. I. Savvas, Prof. M. Patsikas and Dr. K. Pavlidou from the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece) for their contribution in organizing and performing in-vivo trial. This study was funded by GSTP Project: In-Vivo Embolic Detector, I-VED-Contract No.: 4000101764. The view expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Space Agency.
Conflict of interest
All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Associate Editor Stefan M. Duma oversaw the review of this article.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Evgenidis, S.P., Chondrou, A. & Karapantsios, T.D. A New Phantom that Simulates Electrically a Human Blood Vessel Surrounded by Tissues: Development and Validation Against In-Vivo Measurements. Ann Biomed Eng 51, 1284–1295 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-022-03131-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-022-03131-8