Abstract
Drones have been increasing in popularity and are able to cause skin injuries ranging from minor abrasions to severe lacerations. The objective of this study was to determine the aspects of drone blades that cause injuries, and to help manufacturers design safer drones by suggesting an injury threshold. The blade tip thickness, blade length, angular velocity, and blade tip speed of a variety of popular drones were measured. The injury caused by each drone blade contacting a fetal bovine skin surrogate at different speeds was recorded. Blade tip speed had the highest correlation to injury severity, while blade tip thickness, blade length, and rpm had little to no correlation with the resulting injury. Blade tip speeds above 25 m/s resulted in minor abrasions, and speeds above 60 m/s resulted in minor lacerations. To prevent severe injuries, drone manufacturers should design drones with blade tip speeds below the threshold of 60 m/s.
References
Berthe, J., F. Coussa, P. Beillas, et al. Drone impact on human beings: experimental investigation with sUAS. Conference ASIDIC - Aerospace Structural Impact Dynamics International, Madrid, Spain, 2019.
Campolettano, E. T., M. L. Bland, R. A. Gellner, et al. Ranges of injury risk associated with impact from unmanned aircraft systems. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 45:2733–2741, 2017.
Duma, L.A., A. Bhandare, T. Canfield, et al. Experimental analysis of skin and eye surrogate models for drone blade lacerations. Biomedical Engineering Society Annual Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 2019.
Giudice, J. S., W. Zeng, T. Wu, et al. An analytical review of the numerical methods used for finite element modeling of traumatic brain injury. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47:1855–1872, 2019.
Gabler, L. F., J. R. Crandall, and M. B. Panzer. Development of a second-order system for rapid estimation of maximum brain strain. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47:1971–1981, 2019.
Moskowitz, E. E., Y. M. Siegel-Richman, G. Hertner, et al. Aerial drone misadventure: a novel case of trauma resulting in ocular globe rupture. Am. J. Ophth. Case Rep. 10:35–37, 2018.
Papy, A., C. Robbe, N. Nsiampa, et al. Definition of a standardized skin penetration surrogate for blunt impacts. IRCOBI Conference, 2012.
Ranamukhaarachchi, S., S. Lehnert, S. Ranamukhaarachchi, et al. A micromechanical comparison of human and porcine skin before and after preservation by freezing for medical device development. Sci. Rep. 6:32074, 2016.
Reed, M.P., L.W. Schneider, and R.E. Burney. Laboratory investigations and mathematical modeling of airbag-induced skin burns. SAE Paper 942217, 1994.
Saboori, P., and G. Walker. Brain injury and impact characteristics. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 47:1982–1992, 2019.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge and thank the Mid-Atlantic Aviation Partnership (MAAP) and the Institute for Critical Technology and Applied Science (ICTAS) for supporting this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Associate Editor Thurmon E. Lockhart oversaw the review of this article.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Duma, L.A., Begonia, M.T., Miller, B. et al. Proposed Injury Threshold for Drone Blade Lacerations. Ann Biomed Eng 49, 1125–1127 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-021-02759-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-021-02759-2