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Procoagulant Properties of Flow Fields in Stenotic and Expansive Orifices

Annals of Biomedical Engineering volume 36, pages 1–13 (2008)Cite this article

Abstract

In the United States, over 125,000 mechanical heart valves (MHVs) are implanted each year. Flow through the MHV hinge can cause thromboemboli formation. The purpose of this study was to examine various orifice geometries representing the MHV hinge region and how these geometries may contribute to platelet activation and thrombin generation. We also characterized these flow fields with digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Citrated human blood at room temperature was forced through the orifices (400 and 800 μm ID) with a centrifugal bypass pump, continuously infusing calcium chloride to partially reverse the citrate anticoagulant. Blood samples were tested for the presence of thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT) and platelet factor 4 (PF4). Velocity and shear stress were measured with DPIV using a blood analog fluid seeded with fluorescent microbeads. The results indicate that small changes in geometry, although they do not affect the bulk flow, change the coagulation propensity as blood flows through the orifices. A more abrupt geometry allows more stagnation to occur resulting in more thrombin generation. PF4 measurements indicated similar levels of platelet activation for all orifices. DPIV showed differences in the jets with respect to entrainment of stagnant fluid. These results help to pinpoint the important parameters that lead to flow stasis and subsequent thrombus formation.

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Abbreviations

MHV:

mechanical heart valve

SJM:

St. Jude medical

DPIV:

digital particle image velocimetry

LDV:

laser Doppler velocimetry

TAT:

thrombin–antithrombin III

PF4:

platelet factor 4

PReS:

principle Reynolds stress

SIPAct:

shear-induced platelet activation

SIPA:

shear-induced platelet aggregation

V :

average centerline velocity

Y :

location of velocity measurement in jet

Y o :

jet origin (orifice plate location)

V c :

average centerline velocity at Y o

D :

orifice diameter

a :

a constant for the type of jet

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Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous financial support of Tom and Shirley Gurley.

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Affiliations

  1. Wallace H. Coulter School of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Room 2119 U.A. Whitaker Building, 313 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0535, USA

    Anna M. Fallon, Lakshmi Prasad Dasi & Ajit P. Yoganathan

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA

    Ulla M. Marzec & Stephen R. Hanson

Authors
  1. Anna M. Fallon
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  2. Lakshmi Prasad Dasi
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  3. Ulla M. Marzec
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  4. Stephen R. Hanson
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  5. Ajit P. Yoganathan
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ajit P. Yoganathan.

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Fallon, A.M., Dasi, L.P., Marzec, U.M. et al. Procoagulant Properties of Flow Fields in Stenotic and Expansive Orifices. Ann Biomed Eng 36, 1–13 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-007-9398-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-007-9398-3

Keywords

  • Mechanical heart valves
  • Shear-induced platelet activation
  • Shear-induced platelet aggregation
  • Thrombosis
  • Blood
  • Coagulation