Abstract
This article studies the problem of controlling the drug administration during an anesthesia process, where muscle relaxation, analgesia, and hypnosis are regulated by means of monitored administration of specific drugs. On the basis of a seventh-order nonlinear pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic representation of the hypnosis process dynamics, a cascade (master/slave) feedback control structure for controlling the bispectral index (BIS) is proposed. The master controller compares the measured BIS with its reference value to provide the expired isoflurane concentration reference to the slave controller. In turn, the slave controller manipulates the anesthetic isoflurane concentration entering the anesthetic system to achieve the reference from the master controller. The advantage of the proposed cascade control structure with respect to its noncascade counterpart is that the former provides operation protection against BIS measurement failures. In fact, under a BIS measurement fault, the master control feedback is broken and the slave controller operates under a safe reference value. Extensive numerical simulations are used to illustrate the functioning of the proposed cascade control structure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alvarez-Ramirez, J., J. Alvarez, and A. Morales. An adaptive cascade control for a class of chemical reactors. Int. J. Adaptive Contr. Signal Processing 16:681–701, 2002.
Alvarez-Ramirez, J., and R. Suarez. Stabilization of a class of linear time-varying systems via modelling error compensation. IEEE Tran. Automatic Control 45:738–741, 2000.
Diop, S., and M. Fliess. On nonlinear observability. In: Proceedings of 1st European Control Conference, 1991, pp. 152–157.
Fenton, P. Volatile anaesthetic agents. Update Anaesth. 11:78–82, 2000.
Frei, C. W. Fault Tolerant Control Concepts Applied to Anaesthesia, PhD Dissertation. Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Inst. Technol. (ETH), 2000.
Gentilini, A. Feedback Control of Hypnosis and Analgesia in Humans, Ph.D. Dissertation. Zurich, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Inst. Technol. (ETH), 2001.
Gentilini, A., C. W. Frei, A. H. Glattfelder, M. Morari, T. J. Sieber, R. Wymann, and T. W. Schnider. Multitasked closed-loop control in anaesthesia. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. 19:39–53, 2001.
Gentilini, A., M. Rossoni-Gerosa, C. W. Frei, R. Wymann, M. Morari, M. Zbinden, and T. W. Schnider. Modelling and closed-loop control of hypnosis by means of bispectral index (BIS) with Isoflurane. IEEE Tran. Biomed. Eng. 48:874–889, 2001.
Glass, P. S., M. Bloom, L. Kearse, C. Rosow, P. Sebal, and P. Manberg. Bispectral analysis measures sedation and memory effects of propofol, midazolam, isoflurane and alfentanil in healthy volunteers. Anaesthesiology 86:836–847, 1997.
Huang, J. W., Y. Y., Lu, A. Nayak, and R. J. Roy. Depth of anaesthesia estimation and control. IEEE Tran. Biomed. Eng. 46: 71–81, 1999.
Linkens, D. A., and S. S. Hacisalihzade. Computer control systems and pharmacological drug administration: A survey. J. Med. Eng. Technol. 14:41–54, 1990.
Morari, M., and A. Gentilini. Challenges and opportunities in process control: Biomedical processes. AIChE J. 47:2140–2143, 2001.
Yasuda, N., S. H. Lockhart, E. I. Eger II, R. B. Weiskopf, J. Liu, M. Laster, S. Taheri, and N. A. Peterson. Comparison of kinetics of sevoflurane and isoflurane in humans. Anaesth. Analg. 72:316–324, 1991.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Puebla, H., álvarez-Ramírez, J. A Cascade Feedback Control Approach for Hypnosis. Ann Biomed Eng 33, 1449–1463 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-6490-4
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-005-6490-4